Environment and COVID-19 incidence: A critical review

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an unprecedented worldwide health crisis. Many previous research studies have found and investigated its links with one or some natural or human environmental factors. However, a review on the relationship between COVID-19 incidence and both the natural and human environment is still lacking. This review summarizes the inter-correlation between COVID-19 incidence and environmental factors. Based on keyword searching, we reviewed 100 relevant peer-reviewed articles and other research literature published since January 2020. This review is focused on three main findings. One, we found that individual environmental factors have impacts on COVID-19 incidence, but with spatial heterogeneity and uncertainty. Two, environmental factors exert interactive effects on COVID-19 incidence. In particular, the interactions of natural factors can affect COVID-19 transmission in micro- and macro- ways by impacting SARS-CoV-2 survival, as well as human mobility and behaviors. Three, the impact of COVID-19 incidence on the environment lies in the fact that COVID-19-induced lockdowns caused air quality improvement, wildlife shifts and socio-economic depression. The additional value of this review is that we recommend future research perspectives and adaptation strategies regarding the interactions of the environment and COVID-19. Future research should be extended to cover both the effects of the environment on the COVID-19 pandemic and COVID-19-induced impacts on the environment. Future adaptation strategies should focus on sustainable environmental and public policy responses.     

人工强制混合充氧对分层型水库细菌群落演替的影响

为深度解析人工强制混合充氧过程中细菌群落的演替，以西安金盆水库为研究对象，对2018年8月~2019年4月水库主库区垂向细菌种群结构进行连续监测.结果表明，受人工强制混合充氧作用影响，水库水体中的优势菌群蓝细菌门（Cyanobacteria）的丰度由11.7%~19.2%降至6.3%~8.9%.其中，表层、中层和底层水体蓝细菌的丰度分别由18.3%、11.7%、19.2%降至8.9%、6.3%、7.9%.人工强制混合作用使垂向水体细菌的种群结构差异降低，样本之间的离散度逐渐减小，其中优势菌群放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）在水体垂向的丰度分别由"中 > 底 > 表"和"表 > 底 > 中"，逐渐变为表、中、底层趋于均一.人工强制充氧作用使底部水体溶解氧（DO）含量逐渐升高，好氧型细菌的丰度得到明显的增加，其中Polynucleobacter的丰度从0.06%增加到1.06%，甲基孢囊菌属（Methylocystis）的丰度由0.18%增至2.20%，甲基杆菌属（Methylobacter）的丰度由0.02%增加到1.96%.通过冗余分析可知，影响细菌群落组成的主要因素为水体热分层稳定性、水温、DO、总磷（TP）和总氮（TN）.     

矿井水处理方法及其治理方案择优

筒述了适用于西北地区煤矿高矿化度及酸性矿井水处理方法，介绍了用两种多目标模糊决策法在三个可行的酸性水处理方案中选优方法。     

国内民用燃煤烟气中多环芳烃排放因子研究

模拟国内民用燃煤过程.确定燃煤排放烟气中PAHs的排放因子、PAHs在烟气气相与颗粒相之间的分配、特征排放谱以及不同燃烧方式的影响.结果表明:以15种母体PAHs加和计,燃煤排放因子的变化范围为71～882 mg·k8-1,排放因子和有毒PAHs组份排放量由高至低依次为烟煤、蜂窝煤和无烟煤,主要毒性成份存在于颗粒相中.PAH组份的气-固相分配比例与其饱和蒸汽压存在显著的正相关关系.燃煤类型和燃煤中挥发组份对烟气PAHs排放因子、气-固相分配以及排放谱分布具有决定性作用.另外,不同燃烧方式对燃煤排放因子也有一定影响,缺氧条件会导致排放系数升高.     

用加速溶剂提取仪提取污染土壤中的有机氯农药

研究加速溶剂萃取对土壤中有机氯农药的提取效果,并与索氏提取法进行比较。结果表明,加速溶剂萃取对土壤中滴滴涕的回收率明显高于索氏提取,对土壤中BHC的提取能力与索氏提取相当。用该方法测定了天津污灌区和非污灌区土壤样品中的有机氯农药残留量。结果表明,α-BHC、β-BHC、δ-BHC、γ-BHC、p,p’-DDE、p,p’-DDD、p,p’-DDT、o,p’-DDT的检出率为100％,这些有机氯农药在污灌旱地和稻田地的残留量分别为7．5－71．1ng/g和3．0－16．5ng/g。非污灌的旱地中有机氯农药的残留量为3．1－17．6ng/g。     

活性炭改性研究进展

本文从表面结构特性、表面化学性质和电化学性质 3个方面叙述了国内外在活性炭改性方面的研究进展。表面结构特性改性主要是从增大比表面积和控制孔径分布两方面展开 ,从而增大吸附量 ;表面化学性质改性主要是通过氧化还原改变表面含氧酸性、碱性基团的相对含量以及负载金属改性 ,从而改变对极性、极性较弱或非极性物质的吸附能力 ;电化学性质改性主要是通过加微电场改变活性炭表面的带电性和由此而产生的化学性质的变化 ,从而改变吸附性能。最后 ,本文还从活性炭的吸附性质方面 ,客观地提出了今后发展方向     

铬渣水泥固化及固化体浸出毒性的研究

铬渣水泥固化时要加入硫酸亚铁和添加剂矿渣、粉煤灰 ,硫酸亚铁可以部分地把六价铬还原为三价铬 ,能把得到的固化体六价铬浸出毒性降到低于国家标准 ,抗压强度可达 30MPa以上 ,可综合利用。与此同时 ,本文考虑日晒、振荡时间和固化体粒度对浸出毒性的影响以及固化体表面浸出率、模拟酸雨淋溶对固化体性能的影响。     

染料工业废水零排放的可行性研究

染料废水是目前难治理的工业废水之一.通过对某染料厂还原蓝生产废水的研究,提出了利用残余硫酸制取硫酸亚铁水处理剂,滤渣在一般锅炉内焚烧的综合利用和治理工艺.从而探索和实践了少污染,回收利用等综合治理污染的工艺,力求尝试一种"零排放"和"绿色化学"的化工生产过程.     

活性炭纤维的氧化处理研究

采用静态保干器法测定了活性炭纤维对乙醇、丙酮、N-甲基吡咯烷酮的吸附量.研究了酸氧化处理对活性炭纤维吸附性能的影响,并用电位滴定法确定了活性炭纤维氧化前后表面含氧官能团的变化.结果表明,活性炭纤维对3种吸附质的吸附量均随时间延长而增加,但饱和吸附量及达到饱和吸附的时间因吸附质的不同而不同.氧化处理后,活性炭纤维表面含氧官能团发生变化,对乙醇的吸附量增加18%,而对N-甲基吡咯烷酮的吸附量提高了300%.     

Vertical distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric boundary layer of Beijing in winter

Air samples were collected using active samplers at various heights of 8, 15, 32, 47, 65, 80, 102, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 240, 280 and 320 m on a meteorological tower in an urban area of Beijing in two campaigns in winter 2006. Altitudinal distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric boundary layer of Beijing in winter season were investigated. Meteorological conditions during the studied period were characterized by online measurements of four meteorological parameters as well as trajectory calculation. The mean total concentrations of 15 PAHs except naphthalene of gaseous and particulate phase were 667±450 and 331±144 ng m⁻³ in January and 61±19 and 29±6 ng m⁻³ in March, respectively. Domestic coal combustion and vehicle emission were the dominant PAH sources in winter. Although the composition profiles derived from the two campaigns were similar, the concentrations were different by one order of magnitude. The higher concentrations in January were partly caused by higher emission due to colder weather than March. Moreover, weak wind, passing through the city center before the sampling site, picked up more contaminants on the way and provided unfavorable dispersion condition in January. For both campaigns, PAH concentrations decreased with heights because of ground-level emission and unfavorable dispersion conditions in winter. The concentration ratio of PAHs in gas versus solid phases was temperature dependent and negatively correlated to their octanol–air partition coefficients.