Utilization of MSWI fly ash as partial cement or sand substitute with focus on cementing efficiency and health risk assessment

• Washed MSWI fly ash was used as partial cement or sand substitute. • Sand replacing is beneficial for strength, while cement replacement reduces strength. • Cementing efficiency factor and mortar pore structure explain the strength results. • Health risk assessment was conducted for MSWI fly ash blended cement mortar. • CR and HI contributed by different exposures and heavy metals were analyzed. The strength of cement substituted mortar decreases with the increase in fly ash amount, whereas the strength increases when the fly ash is blended as sand substitute. A mortar with highest strength (compressive strength= 30.2 Mpa; flexural strength= 7.0 Mpa) was obtained when the sand replacement ratio was 0.75%. The k value (cementing efficiency) of fly ash varied between 0.36 and 0.15 for the fly ash fraction in binder between 5% and 25%. The k values of fly ash used for sand replacement were all significantly above that used for cement substitution. The macropores assigned to the gaps between particles decreased when the fly ash was used as sand replacement, providing an explanation for the strength enhancement. The waste-extraction procedure (toxicity-sulphuric acid and nitric acid method (HJ/T 299-2007)) was used to evaluate metal leaching, indicating the reuse possibility of fly ash blended mortar. For the mortar with the mass ratio of fly ash to binder of 0.5%, the carcinogenic risks (CR) and non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) in sensitive scenario for blended mortar utilization were 9.66 × 10^-7 and 0.06, respectively; these results were both lower than the threshold values, showing an acceptable health risk. The CR (9.89 × 10^-5) and HQ (3.89) of the non-sensitive scenario for fly ash treatment exceeded the acceptable threshold values, indicating health risks to onsite workers. The main contributor to the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk is Cr and Cd, respectively. The CR and HQ from inhalation was the main route of heavy metal exposure.     

Compartmentation and effects of lead (Pb) in the collembolan,Folsomia candida

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The impact of soil lead (Pb) pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of the collembolan, Folsomia candida, and Pb compartmentation in its gut...     

Depth perception,dark adaptation,vigilance and accident proneness of Chinese coal mine workers

To explore the relationships between human factors and accident proneness of coal mine workers, the depth perception, dark adaptation and vigilance abilities of 239 Chinese coal mine workers were tested and their accident proneness was surveyed with an accident proneness questionnaire. The results indicated that dark adaptation and vigilance abilities of the mine workers declined with increasing age. Vigilance had a significant negative relationship with accident proneness. There were significant differences in vigilance between coal mine workers doing different types of work. Individual difference in vigilance was relevant to the type of work that an individual did in a coal mine. The dark adaptation index had a significant positive relationship with accident proneness. Coal mine workers with weaker dark adaptation ability were also more accident prone. Some ergonomics recommendations concerning coal mine safety management in China are proposed.     

Assessment of the uncertainty of using an inverse-dispersion technique to measure methane emissions from animals in a barn and in a small pen

Dispersion techniques are useful for assessing the effectiveness of management practices in mitigating methane (CH₄) emissions from animal operations. In this paper, the accuracy of an inverse-dispersion technique was examined for two common situations: 1) emissions from animals in a barn and 2) emissions from animals in a pen. For both situations, the accuracy of emission estimates generally increased with increasing fetch (scaled to barn height, h, or to pen width, X_s) between the source and the concentration measurement. The gas recovery ratio increased from 0.66 at 5 h to 0.93–1.03 at 10 h–25 h for the barn, and decreased from 1.59 at 0 X_s to 0.99 at 5 X_s and from 1.54 at 0 X_s to 1.09 at 5 X_s for the two small pen scenarios, due to the declining sensitivity of the dispersion model to errors in wind complexity and errors in the assumed source configuration. However, the relative uncertainty of the measured concentration increased with fetch due to the decreasing gas concentrations. Hence, improving the accuracy of emission estimates is a compromise between the source configuration sensitivity and the concentration measurement sensitivity. Fetches of about twice the size of the pen and about 10 times the height of the barn are suggested.     

钢渣吸附处理苯酚废水的研究

采用恒温振荡的方法,考察了钢渣粒径、吸附温度、振荡速度、溶液pH值、溶液初始浓度对苯酚去除率的影响。结果表明,在粒径为120~180目、pH=4.0、苯酚溶液浓度在500 mg/L以内、苯酚/钢渣质量比为1∶1 000时吸附效果最好。钢渣对苯酚的吸附能较好地符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温线,线性相关系数分别为0.9971和0.9916,吸附机理为表面吸附。     

可用于水体污染控制的氨氮转化菌筛选及部分降解特性的实验研究

从南京禄口水产养殖基地淡水鱼塘取淤泥作为分离菌株的土源,采用选择性富集培养法,从中分离到能以硫酸铵为氮源的菌株7株,对7个菌株进行氨氮降解实验,它们氨氮转化率分别为14.8%、19.7%、53.4%、94.2%、29.1%、63.5%和41.7%,其中AN-4菌株的转化率最高且生长良好。通过AN-4菌株16S rRNA基因序列分析以及生理生化方法,鉴定此菌株为克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiellasp.)。对菌株AN-4转化氨氮的特性及温度、pH值、氨氮初始浓度和菌株接种量对其氨氮转化率的影响研究,结果表明,菌株AN-4降解氨氮的最适条件为:温度为30℃和pH值为8.0;当氨氮初始浓度为30mg/L时,AN-4菌株在24 h内的氨氮降解率可达85%以上,且能耐受高达200 mg/L的氨氮浓度;AN-4活化菌液浓度为108cfu/mL,当接种量为3×106cfu/mL时,AN-4菌株在24 h内的氨氮降解率为87.75%。综合上述结果,符合淡水养殖水环境条件,说明AN-4菌株适合在水产养殖中应用,为将菌株AN-4应用于水产养殖环境修复提供了理论依据。     

新型活性炭固定化产品的制备及其处理焦化废水的特性

为解决优势菌种工程应用,研究不同固定化方法、载体和结构的固定化产品对焦化废水的降解特性。用活性炭粉末吸附菌种后,与聚乙烯醇和海藻酸钠混合制备了新型固定化球;用聚乙烯醇和海藻酸钠包埋吸附菌种的活性炭纤维毡,与立体弹性塑料填料连用,制备出3种不同形状的活性炭纤维膜片固定化产品复合填料。将游离菌和制备的4种活性炭固定化产品投入A/A/O工艺系统平行实验,考察处理焦化废水的效果。结果表明,活性炭纤维膜片固定化产品复合填料对焦化废水的降解能力优于其他固定化产品:缺氧池出水硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度分别稳定在1.96 mg/L和0.49 mg/L,未产生氮的累积现象,COD去除率可达到60.92%。好氧池COD和氨氮降解效率分别为78.83%和85.52%,苯酚、氰化物降解效率均为97%以上。     

用含固定化微生物的曝气生物滤池处理炼油厂高浓度废水

采用含固定化微生物的曝气生物滤池(G-BAF)处理炼油厂高浓度废水。当G-BAF池进水COD为298～11 278 mg/L时,出水COD为33.0～94.3 mg/L,COD平均去除率为97%;当G-BAF池进水ρ(NH_3-N)为12.1～188.0 mg/L时,出水ρ(NH_3-N)为0.9～49.4 mg/L,NH_3-N平均去除率为83%。经G-BAF处理后出水水质完全达到GB8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》第二类污染物的二级排放标准。     

不同模糊评价方法在水环境质量评价中的应用比较

近年来,运用模糊评价方法对水质和水体营养化程度进行评价逐渐受到重视。目前,对模糊评价方法的研究多集中在实测数据标准化、权重的确定和模糊模式识别模型研究几个方面。以滇池历年营养物质数据为实测数据,通过对几种实测数据标准化方法、权重确定方法和模糊模式识别方法的组合应用,获得水环境质量模糊评价最优组合方法。结果表明,在评价方法中,实测数据标准化方法采用线性内插法,权重的确定采用超标倍数法,模糊模式识别模型采用广义海明距离和加权海明距离法,即采用超标倍数法的广义海明距离和加权海明距离法能够更真实反映水环境质量的实际情况。     

Mobility of radium and trace metals in sediments of the Winterbeek: Application of sequential extraction and DGT techniques

For several decades, phosphate ores containing ²²⁶Ra as well as several trace metals have been processed in Belgium to produce calcium phosphate for use in cattle food. The waste water is discharged in two small rivers, the Laak and the Winterbeek.In this study, the levels of ²²⁶Ra and trace metals in surface water and sediments of the Winterbeek were investigated and the mobility of these compounds was assessed using DGT (Diffusive Gradient in Thin Films) and sequential extraction techniques.The concentrations of ²²⁶Ra and trace metals in water and sediment indicate a decreasing trend in inputs to the Winterbeek.The mobility of ²²⁶Ra, assessed by DGT, is related to the reductive mobilization of Fe. The sequential extraction technique shows that at some stations an important fraction of ²²⁶Ra is found to labile sediment phases.Diffusive ²²⁶Ra sediment fluxes, are however, relatively small and have only a minor contribution to the water column concentration of ²²⁶Ra.