Improvements on physical conditions of bauxite residue following application of organic materials

Soil formation and ecological rehabilitation is the most promising strategy to eliminate environmental risks of bauxite residue disposal areas. Its poor physical structure is nevertheless a major limitation to plant growth. Organic materials were demonstrated as effective ameliorants to improve the physical conditions of bauxite residue. In this study, three different organic materials including straw (5% W/W), humic acid (5% W/W), and humic acid-acrylamide polymer (0.2% and 0.4%, W/W) were selected to evaluate their effects on physical conditions of bauxite residue pretreated by phosphogypsum following a 120-day incubation experiment. The proportion of 2-1 mm macro-aggregates, mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GWD) increased following organic materials addition, which indicated that organic materials could enhance aggregate stability. Compared with straw, and humic acid, humic acid-acrylamide polymer application had improved effects on the formation of water-stable aggregates in the residues. Furthermore, organic materials increased the total porosity, total pore volume and average pore diameter, and reduced the micropore content according to nitrogen gas adsorption (NA) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) analysis, whilst enhancing water retention of the residues based on water characteristic curves. Compared with traditional organic wastes, humic acid-acrylamide polymer could be regarded as a candidate according to the comprehensive consideration of the additive amount and the effects on physical conditions of bauxite residue. These findings could provide a novel application to both Ca-contained acid solid waste and high-molecular polymers on ecological rehabilitation at disposal areas.     

Sorption and desorption of pymetrozine on six Chinese soils

Pymetrozine is a selective insecticide with a unique chemical structure and mode to control hemipteran and homopteran. While pymetrozine has brought great benefits to crop production by killing insects, its residues in soil may have a detrimental effect on environment. Therefore, it is of great importance to investigate its behaviors in soil. In this study, the sorption and desorption of pymetrozine on six Chinese soils were investigated using a batch equilibrium approach to understand its mobile behavior in the soils. Both sorption and desorption isotherms of pymetrozine were in good agreement with the Freundlich model. The sorption coefficient K_F varied between 3.37 and 58.32 mL∙g⁻¹ and the sorption isotherms were nonlinear, with 1/n ranging from 0.57 to 0.91. A regression equation was proposed to predict the sorption of pymetrozine on six different soil samples: log K_F = 4.3708 − 4.5709 × log (pH in 0.01mol·L⁻¹ CaCl₂) + 0.4700 × log OC% + 0.0057 × sand (%) + 0.0022 × CEC(clay), with R² = 0.9982. The organic carbon content of soil positively affected the sorption of pymetrozine, but soil pH had a negative effect on the sorption. Additionally, effects of CaCl₂ concentration, soil to solution ratio and pesticide form were investigated. The sorption was promoted with an increase in soil to solution ratio and a decrease in CaCl₂ concentration. The possible variation of the five formulated products of pymetrozine was also investigated.     

220kV变压器高压套管发热问题的分析与处理

结合金凤220 kV变电站1号主变C相中压套管发热问题的案例,介绍了该台主变高压套管发热问题的原因与处理过程。通过对高压套管的解体及红外热成像检测的综合分析,确定了造成高压套管发热及最初影响检修人员对发热部位误判的原因,对此类问题的分析与处理提出了具体的建议,可提高运行设备的可靠性。     

污染治理过程中存在的问题及对策

本文论述了目前环境污染治理技术及其在应用中存在的问题。由于环境污染治理技术本身的局限性以及人们观念等原因,目前环境污染治理存在一定的局限性,如何认识并克服它成为一个不容忽视的问题,并提出在实施污染治理过程中,必须用持续发展的理论进行指导,将污染物的污染防治战略转变为污染防止战略即＂清洁生产＂战略。     

石墨烯与抑癌基因p53 DNA片段相互作用的分子模拟与光谱学验证

石墨烯(graphene,G)及其衍生物由于具有独特的理化性质,被广泛应用于能源、生物医学等领域,但尚缺乏其对生物体和环境潜在危害的研究。采用分子动力学模拟并结合光谱学方法(紫外可见吸收光谱、紫外变温实验及荧光光谱),分析了石墨烯与抑癌基因p53启动子区DNA片段(p53-DNA)间的相互作用,并探讨了相关作用机制。石墨烯的部分芳香环与p53-DNA碱基的芳香环之间存在π-π堆积作用,两者可以通过嵌插作用进行结合,同时还通过沟槽作用进一步结合。光谱实验进一步证实,在石墨烯作用下,p53-DNA的熔点(Tm)值升高,EB-DNA体系发生静态荧光淬灭,说明石墨烯能与p53-DNA结合;同时,p53-DNA与石墨烯结合后在260 nm处的吸光度升高,说明石墨烯对p53-DNA的双螺旋结构具有一定的破坏作用。上述研究结果从分子水平上分析了石墨烯与p53-DNA间的相互作用机制,有助于进一步阐明石墨烯的毒性作用机理。     

Concentration characteristics of bromine and iodine in aerosols in Shanghai,China

Aerosol samples (TSP and PM₁₀) during each season were collected at a national monitoring point in Shanghai in 2008. Halogens (Br, I) were determined in samples along with sodium (Na) by ICP-MS and ICP-OES after microwave digestion. In this report we focused on the concentration characteristics of halogen elements Br and I and their seasonal distributions. The mean annual concentrations of total Br and I were 24 ng m^?3 and 12 ng m^?3 for TSP, 21 ng m^?3 and 9 ng m^?3 for PM₁₀, respectively. Concentrations of Br and I in TSP and PM₁₀ were lowest in summer but an increase occurred in autumn and winter. Water-soluble Br and I accounted for about 32% of the total Br and I in aerosols, and about 68% of Br and I was non soluble which may be non-soluble organic species. These non-soluble organic species are present in aerosols in the possible binding forms as mineral dust, natural organic matter, and adsorption to black carbon or mineral material such as iron oxides. Soluble Br and I in PM₁₀ extracted by a dilute acid solution (HNO₃ + H₂SO₄) increased by 22% and 18%, respectively, compared with water-soluble Br and I. A positive correlation with Na and sea water enrichment factors for Br and I indicated that bromine and iodine in aerosols originated mostly from marine sources in Shanghai.     

真空膜蒸馏和膜吸收及其集成工艺处理高氨氮废水

采用PP中空纤维膜组件,对VMD(真空膜蒸馏)和MA(膜吸收)脱氨过程进行了研究。考察了料液p H值(9.0~11.0)、料液进口温度(20~50℃)对脱氨效率的影响。研究结果表明,VMD和MA脱除率分别达85%和99%以上。料液p H和料液进口温度对VMD脱氨效果的影响较大,提高料液p H和进口温度可以明显提高VMD的脱氨效率;料液p H对MA的脱氨效率影响较为显著。对2种膜工艺进行了技术集成,利用该集成工艺可达到99.96%以上的氨去除率,出水可达标排放,并且可以有效防止硫酸铵的二次污染。     

餐厨垃圾与剩余污泥混合消化产沼气协同效应

在(35±0.2)℃温度下,以餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥为原料,设置餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合比例(VS)分别为1∶0、2∶1、1∶1、1∶2和0∶1,研究其单独消化与混合消化的系统性能、产甲烷潜力及脱氢酶活性和F420浓度变化。结果表明,混合消化提高了系统稳定性,与餐厨垃圾单独消化相比,添加剩余污泥能调节pH、氨氮浓度和VFA浓度,缩短产气周期;与剩余污泥单独消化相比,添加餐厨垃圾能显著提高沼气产量。混合比例为1∶1组混合消化产甲烷潜力最佳,消化作用的协同效应最为明显,沼气和甲烷产量分别达358.2 mL/g VS和224.1 mL/g VS,较餐厨垃圾和污泥单独消化估计值分别提高了23.09%和36.80%。1∶1混合消化组脱氢酶活性最高达437.33 TFμg/(mL·h),比餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥单独消化分别提高93.60%和40.69%,辅酶F420浓度最高为1.718μmol/L,分别提高17.3%和100.7%。     

黄河流域生态服务价值与经济协调发展的时空演化研究

厘清黄河流域生态现状,分析生态系统服务时空演化特征及与经济协调发展情况,对提升区域经济协调发展具有重要意义。基于黄河流域9省区2000—2020年土地利用数据及国民经济发展数据,测算生态系统服务价值及经济与生态环境协调指数,揭示黄河流域生态系统服务价值时空演化特征及与经济协调发展关系,结果表明：(1)2000—2020年黄河流域全域生态服务价值(ESV)持续增长,由2000年的7020.74亿元增长到2020年的25598.24亿元;(2)研究期内,黄河流域经济与生态协调发展存在显著空间相关性,且人类活动及土地利用方式对生态系统服务价值影响较大,高度冲突区逐渐集中于上游青海、四川、甘肃等省区内经济欠发达地区和下游河南、山东等省区内人类干扰密度较高的地区;(3)研究区经济与生态环境协调发展空间分布不均衡,2000—2020年空间集聚态势逐步加大,且冲突区面积远大于协调区,中下游及下游区域两极分化现象明显;(4)研究区内不同区域资源禀赋与生态环境差异较大,要因地制宜,找出不同区域适合自身发展的路径,综合推动黄河流域经济发展与生态环境保护的耦合协调发展。