Distribution,source, and environmental risk assessment of phthalate esters (PAEs) in water,suspended particulate matter,and sediment of a typical Yangtze River Delta City,China

Phthalates (PAEs) in drinking water sources such as the Yangtze River in developing countries had aroused widespread concern. Here, the water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediment samples were collected from 15 sites in wet and dry seasons in Zhenjiang, for the determination of six PAEs (DMP, DEP, DIBP, DBP, DEHP, and DOP) using the solid-phase extraction (SPE) or ultrasonic extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total concentrations of six PAEs (Σ₆PAEs) spanned a range of 2.65–39.31 μg L^?1 in water, 1.97–34.10 μg g^?1 in SPM, and 0.93–34.70 μg g^?1 in sediment. The partition coefficients (K_d1) of PAEs in water and SPM phase ranged from 0.004 to 3.36 L g^?1 in the wet season and from 0.12 to 2.84 L g^?1 in the dry season. K_d2 of PAEs in water and sediment phase was 0.001–9.75 L g^?1 in the wet season and 0.006–8.05 L g^?1 in the dry season. The dominant PAEs were DIBP, DBP, and DEHP in water and SPM, DIBP, DEHP, and DOP in sediment. The concentration of DBP in water exceeded the China Surface Water Standard. The discharge of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater might be the main potential sources of PAEs. The risk quotient (RQ) method used for the risk assessment revealed that DBP (0.01 < RQ < 1) posed a medium risk, while DIBP and DEHP (RQ > 1) posed a high environmental risk in water, DIBP (RQ > 1) also showed a high risk in sediment.

     

膜过滤-气相色谱法测定涂料中的苯系物、环己酮和甲苯二异氰酸酯

采用膜过滤-气相色谱法测定涂料中的苯系物、环己酮和甲苯二异氰酸酯（TD I）。用7种规格的石英毛细管色谱柱对混合标准溶液和涂料试样进行了分析实验,实验结果表明,不同属性的涂料试样添加固定量的正十四烷作内标物,经膜过滤净化后,苯系物、环己酮和TD I可采用DB-1-3或DB-1-2色谱柱同时分离并测定。测试数据经多级校准曲线处理后涂料试样中苯系物、环己酮和TD I的加标回收率为98.6%～101.8%,各组分分析结果的变异系数均小于2.0%,检出限均小于1.50×10^-5g。     

电解氧化处理难降解垃圾渗滤液研究

采用连续式电解槽对垃圾渗滤液进行电解催化处理,考察极板间距、电流密度、电导率[Cl-]浓度对电解效果的影响.结果表明,当添加的[Cl-]6000 mg/L,在电解60 min时,对初始COD小于3000 mg/L的中等浓度渗滤液有较好的处理效果,COD和NH3-N的去除率分别达88.9%和97.3%,能耗为2.75 kwh/m3.为中试和工业设计应用提供了参考.     

味精废水的清洁生产治理技术

介绍了味精废水清洁生产的工艺技术,并与传统的物化-生化方法进行了比较。运行结果表明:该工艺既节约能源,又经济可靠。     

Comparative study on performances of a heat-pipe PV/T system and a heat-pipe solar water heating system

The heat-pipe solar water heating (HP-SWH) system and the heat-pipe photovoltaic/thermal (HP-PV/T) system are two practical solar systems, both of which use heat pipes to transfer heat. By selecting appropriate working fluid of the heat-pipes, these systems can be used in the cold region without being frozen. However, performances of these two solar systems are different because the HP-PV/T system can simultaneously provide electricity and heat, whereas the HP-SWH system provides heat only. In order to understand these two systems, this work presents a mathematical model for each system to study their one-day and annual performances. One-day simulation results showed that the HP-SWH system obtained more thermal energy and total energy than the HP-PV/T system while the HP-PV/T system achieved higher exergy efficiency than the HP-SWH system. Annual simulation results indicated that the HP-SWH system can heat the water to the available temperature (45°C) solely by solar energy for more than 121 days per year in typical climate regions of China, Hong Kong, Lhasa, and Beijing, while the HP-PV/T system can only work for not more than 102 days. The HP-PV/T system, however, can provide an additional electricity output of 73.019 kWh/m², 129.472 kWh/m², and 90.309 kWh/m² per unit collector area in the three regions, respectively.     

Estimating ‘rhizosphere priming effect’: Comparison of the indirect <Emphasis Type="Italic">y</Emphasis>-intercept regression approach and direct bare plot Approach

Determined the contribution of root derived CO₂ efflux to total CO₂ efflux (including root and non-root derived CO₂ efflux) is import to grope the mechanism of CO₂ efflux, however, becaused of ‘rhizoshere priming effect’ (RPE), it is difficult to achieve in practice. In this study, we attempted to estimate the RPE via comparing basal soil respiration (R_b) achieved by two different methods namely, y-intercept regression and direct bare plot approach in an arid cotton field, central Asia. On the basis of the y-intercept of linear regressions between below-ground respiration (BGR) and root biomass, R_b was indirectly calculated. Comparing with the first approach, the second approach involved direct measurements of soil respiration from bare plots. R_b estimated by y-intercept method contained the component of RPE whereas direct bare plot did not. We found that RPE showed a phenological trend with highest value in flowering stage at 0.145 g CO₂ m^–2 h^–1 and lowest at budding stage (0.007 g CO₂ m^–2 s^–1), even after the data had been corrected for the influence of soil temperature. We concluded that RPE needed to be considered when R_b was estimated by y-intercept approach.     

The key elements analysis of Guangdong & Shenzhen ETS & tips for China national ETS construction

The only joint effort area of provincial and municipal governments resides in Guangdong Province and Shenzhen City in China’s carbon emission trading system (ETS) pilots, which characterize the national carbon ETS plots. The present study on the operating experience from this area has important reference value for the national carbon ETS. Analysis and comparison of the key elements show many differences in coverage, total allowance, allowance allocation, and MRV mechanism between Guangdong and Shenzhen carbon ETS. The present study provides the following explanation: (1) the design characteristics of carbon ETS (e.g. coverage, total quotas, the allocation, and MRV mechanism) depend on the local geographical conditions and policy goals. The differences of economic structure in Guangdong Province and Shenzhen City result in different coverage, which then result in differences in other management elements. (2) The operating state of the carbon market is affected by overall design of carbon ETS: in the case of tighter total allowance, lower proportion of China Certified Emission Reductions, and harsher punishment, the carbon market is relatively active, which intends to produce carbon financial market. Based on deep analysis of operation characteristics of carbon ETS in Guangdong and Shenzhen, the present study suggests that (1) the allowance should be allocated freely at the beginning stage and then gradually transited to the voluntary paid auction; (2) the allowances assigned to companies shall be linked up with their energy-saving objectives; (3) the output fluctuations and economic influence on the allowance allocation should be properly handled to maintain the fairness and consistence of allowance allocation standards; (4) stable public expectation is one of the key elements to maintain the regular operation of carbon ETS; (5) constrained carbon emission behavior outside ETS can contribute to social justice; and (6) the improvement of professional skills of relevant personnel in the enterprise and independent third party can enhance carbon emissions data reliability.     

烟草烟雾对室内空气颗粒物浓度的影响

采用电称冲击低压系统(ELPI)将无烟室和吸烟室内的空气颗粒物(0.03～10.00 μm)分成12级,对其粒子数和质量浓度进行测定.结果表明,吸烟室PM0.03～10.00的日平均粒子数和质量浓度分别是无烟室的1.50、1.13倍.烟草烟雾对室内颗粒物粒子数的影响集中在0.03～1.00 μm粒径段;对室内颗粒物质量浓度的影响表现为双模态结构,峰值分别在0.20～0.70、5.00～8.20 μm粒径段.烟草烟雾颗粒物的粒子数和质量浓度随烟雾消散时间的增加而减少,粒径越小,减小的越明显;烟草烟雾颗粒物在室内消散缓慢,会在长时间内造成影响,应引起足够关注.     

碳羟基磷灰石对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能研究

利用废弃蛋壳为原材料,水热法合成碳羟基磷灰石(CHAP),并利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、能谱分析手段对其结构进行了表征.将CHAP作为含铬废水的吸附剂,考察了pH、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、吸附时间等对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附行为的影响.结果表明,初始质量浓度为50 mg/L的Cr(Ⅵ)溶液,在常温(22±2) ℃、溶液pH为3.0、CHAP用量为5 g/L时,30 min基本达到吸附平衡,Cr(Ⅵ)去除率为98.3%,饱和吸附容量达29.85 mg/g.CHAP对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附行为符合Langmuir吸附等温式和Freundlich吸附等温式,相关系数分别为0.998 4和0.922 6.通过10%(体积分数)H2SO4对吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的CHAP进行再生,再生率最高达95.8%.