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31.
Naser A. Anjum Pallavi Sharma Sarvajeet S. Gill Mirza Hasanuzzaman Ekhlaque A. Khan Kiran Kachhap Amal A. Mohamed Palaniswamy Thangavel Gurumayum Devmanjuri Devi Palanisamy Vasudhevan Adriano Sofo Nafees A. Khan Amarendra Narayan Misra Alexander S. Lukatkin Harminder Pal Singh Eduarda Pereira Narendra Tuteja 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(19):19002-19029
Plants have to counteract unavoidable stress-caused anomalies such as oxidative stress to sustain their lives and serve heterotrophic organisms including humans. Among major enzymatic antioxidants, catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11) are representative heme enzymes meant for metabolizing stress-provoked reactive oxygen species (ROS; such as H2O2) and controlling their potential impacts on cellular metabolism and functions. CAT mainly occurs in peroxisomes and catalyzes the dismutation reaction without requiring any reductant; whereas, APX has a higher affinity for H2O2 and utilizes ascorbate (AsA) as specific electron donor for the reduction of H2O2 into H2O in organelles including chloroplasts, cytosol, mitochondria, and peroxisomes. Literature is extensive on the glutathione-associated H2O2-metabolizing systems in plants. However, discussion is meager or scattered in the literature available on the biochemical and genomic characterization as well as techniques for the assays of CAT and APX and their modulation in plants under abiotic stresses. This paper aims (a) to introduce oxidative stress-causative factors and highlights their relationship with abiotic stresses in plants; (b) to overview structure, occurrence, and significance of CAT and APX in plants; (c) to summarize the principles of current technologies used to assay CAT and APX in plants; (d) to appraise available literature on the modulation of CAT and APX in plants under major abiotic stresses; and finally, (e) to consider a brief cross-talk on the CAT and APX, and this also highlights the aspects unexplored so far. 相似文献
32.
Mirza R 《Chemosphere》1999,38(1):207-231
This report reviews the major scientific investigations that have been reported world wide over the last ten years on the effect of plastics on the process and emission performance of energy from waste (EFW) facilities. Concentrations of contaminants in air emissions and other process residues measured during tests with added plastics are compared with concentrations during normal operations and with the stringent emission limits stipulated in municipal waste combustor standards and guidelines in Canada, the United States and the European Union. The emission limits in these standards and guidelines are based on the use of the best technology available (Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) standards in North America and Best Available Technology (BAT) standards in Europe) and are amongst the most stringent in the world. 相似文献
33.
M. Monirul Qader Mirza 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(1):95-107
South Asia is one of the most flood vulnerable regions in the world. Floods occur often in the region triggered by heavy monsoon precipitation and can cause enormous damages to lives, property, crops and infrastructure. The frequency of extreme floods is on the rise in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. Past extreme floods fall within the range of climate variability but frequency, magnitude and extent flooding may increase in South Asia in future due to climate change. Flood risk is sensitive to different levels of warming. For example, in Bangladesh, analysis shows that most of the expected changes in flood depth and extent would occur between 0 and 2°C warming. The three major rivers Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna/Barak will play similar roles in future flooding regimes as they are doing presently. Increases in future flooding can cause extensive damage to rice crops in the monsoon. This may have implications for food security especially of poor women and children. Floods can also impact public health in the flood plains and in the coastal areas. 相似文献
34.
An atmospheric pollution survey was carried out at 13 sites in Karachi, Pakistan, simultaneously from 0600 h to 2100 h for 15 consecutive days in May 1990 which also included meteorological measurements. The monitoring sites were included along the prevailing wind patterns in Karachi. Carbon monoxide levels in the ambient air were found to reach 9–10 ppm along the busy urban streets whereas CO2 level exceeded 370 ppm in these areas. Our survey indicates that NO2 levels were exceeding U.S. ambient air quality standards. Maxmum NO2 concentrations were observed (0.3–0.5 ppm) during the daytime from 0600 h to 2100 h. The surface ozone maximum around noon at the inland sites reached the levels of 40 ppb and 50 ppb respectively compared to upwind coastal Sites 1 level of 25 ppb. The Pb concentrations were approximately 3- to 7-fold higher than average, which corresponded well to urban air. Fossil fuel SO4 (excess) and NO3 were apportionally based on the assumption that these two anions were present as (NH4)2SO4, and NH4NO3 in the aerosols. In the eastern part of the city atmospheric sulphate (SO4) shows the combustion of coal as its source from the vicinity and downwind of a steel manufacturing plant. 相似文献
35.
Kumar Navneet Tischbein Bernhard Kusche Jürgen Beg Mirza Kaleem Bogardi Janos J. 《Regional Environmental Change》2017,17(8):2373-2385
Regional Environmental Change - Reliable information on the water balance components today and their future changes is a prerequisite for foresightful and sustainable water management. Basically,... 相似文献