Effects of iodoacetic acid drinking water disinfection byproduct on the gut microbiota and its metabolism in rats

Iodoacetic acid(IAA) is an unregulated disinfection byproduct in drinking water and has been shown to exert cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, tumorigenicity, and reproductive and developmental toxicity. However, the effects of IAA on gut microbiota and its metabolism are still unknown, especially the association between gut microbiota and the metabolism and toxicity of IAA. In this study, female and male Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to IAA at 0 and 16 mg/kg bw/day daily for 8 weeks by oral gavage....     

Potential of different species for use in removal of DDT from the contaminated soils

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its main metabolites, p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE (DDTs in this study included DDT, DDD and DDE), are frequently detected in agricultural soils even though its usage in agriculture was banned in 1980s or earlier. In this study, eleven plants including eight maize (Zea mays) cultivars and three forage species (alfalfa, ryegrass and teosinte) widely cultivated in China were grown in the soils spiked with DDTs to investigate their potential for removal of DDT from the contaminated soils. The plants varied largely in their ability to accumulate and translocate DDTs, with the bioconcentration factor (BCF; DDT concentration ratio of the plant tissues to the soils) ranging from 0.014 to 0.25 and the translocation factor (TF; DDT concentration ratio of the shoots to the roots) varying from 0.35 (Zea mays cv Chaotian-23) to 0.76 (Zea mays spp. mexicana). The amount of DDT phytoextraction ranged from 3.89mug (ryegrass) to 27.0mug (teosinte) and accounted for <0.1% of the total initial DDTs spiked in the soils. After 70d, the removal rates reached 47.1-70.3% of the total initial DDTs spiked in the soils with plants while that was only 15.4% in the soils without plant. Moreover, the higher removal rates of DDTs occurred at the first 20d of experiment, and then the removal rate decreased with time. The highest amount of DDTs phytoextracted was observed in teosinte, followed by Zea mays spp. mexicana, but the highest removal rate of DDTs was found in maize (Zea mays cv Jinhai-6). Even though phytoextraction is not the main removal process for DDTs, the plant species especially Zea mays cv Jinhai-6 showed high potential for removing DDTs from the contaminated soils.     

Symmetrizing cathode-anode response to speed up charging of nanoporous supercapacitors

Asymmetric behaviors of capacitance and charging dynamics in the cathode and anode are general for nanoporous supercapacitors. Understanding this behavior is essential for the optimal design of supercapacitors. Herein, we perform constant-potential molecular dynamics simulations to reveal asymmetric features of porous supercapacitors and their effects on capacitance and charging dynamics. Our simulations show that, counterintuitively, charging dynamics can be fast in pores providing slow ion dif...     

中国排污权有偿使用定价及政策影响研究

排放配额的价格是排污权有偿使用政策的关键要素之一。本研究从分析排污权有偿使用政策的内涵出发,厘清有偿使用政策与已有排污收费政策的区别,排污收费是企业为污染物排放造成对环境损害而支付的补偿,而有偿使用费是企业为污染物排放占用环境容量资源支付的稀缺租金。本研究同时考虑了现行排污收费政策和总量控制政策的影响,基于最优化控制理论建立了COD和NH_3-N两种水污染物为独立变量的价格模型,并对有偿使用政策执行后可能带来的影响进行了模拟预测。     

菹草残体厌氧分解过程中上覆水的硫酸盐还原特征

在富营养化淡水湖泊中,微生物对水生植物的厌氧分解会导致局部水域泛黑发臭,产生草源性"湖泛"现象,但是当前对上覆水中硫酸盐还原细菌(SRB)在水生植物残体分解中的作用还不甚了解.本研究通过室内模拟实验,分别向湖水(本底硫酸根浓度为40 mg·L~(-1))中添加不同浓度的硫酸根,研究了硫酸根浓度升高对上覆水中SRB参与水生植物菹草(P.crispus)残体分解的影响.结果表明,硫酸根浓度升高显著促进了上覆水中硫酸盐还原作用,实验第50 d时,添加了40 mg·L~(-1)硫酸根实验组(40S)中可溶性硫化物(∑H_2S)为(100.11±5.08) mg·L~(-1),远高于未添加硫酸根对照组(CK)的(46.83±3.79) mg·L~(-1).硫还原细菌如脱硫化弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、脱硫肠状菌属(Desulfotomaculum)和脱硫微菌属(Desulfomicrobium)在40S中的相对丰度显著高于CK(p0.05),而脱硫化孢弯菌属(Desulfosporosinus)则在CK中的相对丰度更高,这说明硫酸根浓度升高促进了菹草残体厌氧分解过程中某些特定种属SRB的生长繁殖.此外,硫酸根浓度升高也影响了菹草厌氧分解过程中有色溶解有机物(CDOM)组分含量的变化,类腐殖质组分在第63 d的荧光强度显著高于第10 d(p0.05),这说明硫酸根浓度升高促进了菹草厌氧分解过程中类腐殖质的产生.本研究对于进一步认识淡水水体中硫酸盐还原的环境效应及生物学机制具有重要意义,也为富营养化水体生态系统修复提供理论依据.     

乌鲁木齐市大气污染时空分布规律研究

为掌握乌鲁木齐市大气污染时空分布规律,利用近年乌鲁木齐市大气污染物的浓度最新资料,详尽分析了其空气质量的年际变化和空间分布特征。统计了2008年各污染物日、月变化规律。结果表明,近年乌鲁木齐市城区大气污染物质量浓度具有明显时空分布规律,即大气污染物质量浓度冬春季大于夏秋季,PM10和SO2浓度夜间大于白天。在空间分布上,PM10和SO2南部区域最高,中部次之,市区北部最轻,NO2则呈现出由北向南逐渐升高的分布特征。     

Occurrence and assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from vegetable fields of the Pearl River Delta, South China

Surface soil (0-20 cm) samples from nine representative vegetable fields located in Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zengcheng and Huadu within the Pearl River Delta, South China were collected and analyzed for 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Total concentrations of 16 PAHs (Sigma(PAHs)) ranged from 160 to 3700 microg kg(-1). Large variations were observed also between concentrations of individual PAHs from different vegetable fields and within the site as well. Acenapthylene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[k]fluoranthene were consistently the most prevalent individual PAHs. The values of PAH isomer ratios [anthracene/(anthracene+phenanthrene) and fluoranthene/(fluoranthene+pyrene)] indicate that combustion processes are the major sources of PAHs. Concentrations of PAHs were poorly correlated with organic carbon concentrations of soils, suggesting different sources and also indicating that the PAH pollution of this area is recent. The same outcome is confirmed by the predominance of PAHs with fewer rings (相似文献   

Effects of experimental nitrogen additions on plant diversity in tropical forests of contrasting disturbance regimes in southern China

Responses of understory plant diversity to nitrogen (N) additions were investigated in reforested forests of contrasting disturbance regimes in southern China from 2003 to 2008: disturbed forest (with harvesting of understory vegetation and litter) and rehabilitated forest (without harvesting). Experimental additions of N were administered as the following treatments: Control, 50 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Nitrogen additions did not significantly affect understory plant richness, density, and cover in the disturbed forest. Similarly, no significant response was found for canopy closure in this forest. In the rehabilitated forest, species richness and density showed no significant response to N additions; however, understory cover decreased significantly in the N-treated plots, largely a function of a significant increase in canopy closure. Our results suggest that responses of plant diversity to N deposition may vary with different land-use history, and rehabilitated forests may be more sensitive to N deposition.     

土壤类型与污染浓度对漆酶修复DDT污染土壤的影响

具有难降解、高残留特征的DDT至今在土壤中仍有残留,对农产品安全和人体健康有严重影响.本文采用批实验的方法研究了3种不同类型土壤和3个污染水平对漆酶修复DDT污染土壤的影响.研究结果表明,不同类型土壤中DDT各组分及总量(DDTs)的降解率存在显著差异,总体上为水稻土＞菜园土＞赤红壤,对照处理土壤中DDTs的降解率仅为20%左右,加酶处理土壤中则高达50%～65%.对于不同污染水平的DDT污染土壤,土壤中DDT各组分及DDTs的降解率均随着污染水平的提高而增大,多数在不同污染水平之间差异显著.对照处理对不同污染水平土壤中DDTs的降解率仅为15%左右,而加酶处理则高达43.60%～50.53%.     

印楝素及印楝杀虫剂的安全性评价研究进展

目前开发的新农药必须具有安全性高、残留低、与环境相容的无公害的农药,从一些植物材料中分离出杀虫活性物质来防治害虫具有较长的历史和优势,从印楝中可以分离出多种对害虫具有活性的化合物如印楝素及等可以有效地控制多种害虫。自印楝素被分离鉴定以来,其广谱而独特的生物活性受到人们的广泛关注,印楝素具有良好的杀虫、拒食、驱虫、昆虫生长调节作用等多种生物活性,在农药、日化等领域都有广泛的应用;由印楝素制备的印楝杀虫制剂对害虫的广谱作用、无残留,可减缓害虫的抗药性,是用于蔬菜、果树、茶叶等作物的理想农药,已成为一种近乎完美的植物源杀虫剂。针对日益严重的农药残留及热点关注的环境安全性等问题,系统总结了印楝素及印楝杀虫剂对人、动物等的毒性及环境安全性评价,将有利于全面评价印楝杀虫剂的安全性及有效地指导印楝杀虫剂开发、生产及推广应用。