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141.
Farideh Golbabaei Monireh Khadem Asghar Ghahri Mohammad Babai Mostafa Hosseini Mirghani SeyedSomea 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2013,19(4):647-655
This study evaluated the influence of welding on pulmonary functions in welders. Spirometry tests were performed before and after work shift in 91 welders and 25 clerks (control group). We examined forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio and forced expiratory flow 25%-75% (FEF 25–75). Significant differences were found for FVC and FEV1/FVC between welders and the control group in pre- and post-shift measurements (p < .001). In welders, smoking and nonsmoking habit had no significant effects on any pulmonary indices before or after shift. Work experience and fume concentrations also had no significant effects on the majority of spirometric indices (p > .05). Most welders had at least 1 of the respiratory symptoms. Significant differences were found between pre- and post-shift indices (as percentage of predicted values calculated with spirometer) and between the welders engaged in some welding tasks and the control group before work shift. This study documented work-related changes in pulmonary functions in the welders and marked drops in these functions without symptoms in some welders. 相似文献
142.
Mohammad Aslam Khan S. Akhtar Ali Shah 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2011,24(5):493-509
There is evidence of continued food insecurity and malnutrition in Pakistan despite significant progress made in terms of
food production in recent years. According to “Vision 2030” of the Planning Commission of Pakistan, about half of the population
in the country suffers from absolute to moderate malnutrition, with the most vulnerable being children, women, and elderly
among the lowest income group. The Government of Pakistan has been taking a series of policy initiatives and strategic measures
to combat food insecurity issues. These range from increasing production to food imports, implementation of poverty reduction
strategies, nutritional improvement programs, as well as provision of social safety nets. The article aims to instill some
fresh thinking into the debate regarding the challenges of food security. It underscores the limitations of hitherto policy
response, and suggests crucial measures to improve the present grim scenario. Policy makers, planners, practitioners, and
academicians in countries with comparable socio-political and economic setup can view this discussion as a case study and
may apply the findings in their domain accordingly. 相似文献
143.
Mohammad Mousaei Sanjerehei 《Ecological modelling》2011,222(10):1790-1792
The outcome of association analysis between species can be influenced by the size and shape of sampling quadrats. To eliminate this problem, a new method is proposed for determining an appropriate size for sampling quadrat. This method is based on measurement of the density of the plant species concerned. The use of this method is illustrated for the detection of association between species in a hypothetical community. 相似文献
144.
A probabilistic water quality index for river water quality assessment: a case study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nikoo MR Kerachian R Malakpour-Estalaki S Bashi-Azghadi SN Azimi-Ghadikolaee MM 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,181(1-4):465-478
Available water quality indices have some limitations such as incorporating a limited number of water quality variables and providing deterministic outputs. This paper presents a hybrid probabilistic water quality index by utilizing fuzzy inference systems (FIS), Bayesian networks (BNs), and probabilistic neural networks (PNNs). The outputs of two traditional water quality indices, namely the indices proposed by the National Sanitation Foundation and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, are selected as inputs of the FIS. The FIS is trained based on the opinions of several water quality experts. Then the trained FIS is used in a Monte Carlo analysis to provide the required input-output data for training both the BN and PNN. The trained BN and PNN can be used for probabilistic water quality assessment using water quality monitoring data. The efficiency and applicability of the proposed methodology is evaluated using water quality data obtained from water quality monitoring system of the Jajrood River in Iran. 相似文献
145.
Mohammad Zubair Alam Shamim Ahmad Abdul Malik 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,178(1-4):281-291
In the present study, a total of 198 bacteria were isolated, 88 from the tannery effluents and 110 from agricultural soil irrigated with the tannery effluents. Tannery effluents and soils were analyzed for metal concentrations by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The tannery effluents and soil samples were found to be contaminated with chromium, nickel, zinc, copper, and cadmium. All isolates were tested for their resistance against Cr6?+?, Cr3?+?, Ni2?+?, Zn2?+?, Cu2?+?, Cd2?+?, and Hg2?+?. From the total of 198 isolates, maximum bacterial isolates were found to be resistant to Cr6?+? 178 (89.9%) followed by Cr3?+? 146 (73.7%), Cd2?+? 86 (43.4%), Zn2?+? 83 (41.9%), Ni2?+? 61 (30.8%), and Cu2?+? 51 (25.6%). However, most of the isolates were sensitive to Hg2?+?. Among the isolates from tannery effluents, 97.8% were resistant to Cr6?+? and 64.8% were resistant to Cr3?+?. Most of the soil isolates were resistant against Cr6?+? (83.6%) and Cr3?+? (81.8%). All isolates were categorized into Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In a total of 114 Gram-positive isolates, 91.2% were resistant to Cr6?+? followed by 73.7% to Cr3?+?, 42.1% to Zn2?+?, 40.4% to Cd2?+?, and 32.5% to Ni2?+?. Among Gram-negative isolates, 88.1% were found showing resistance to Cr6?+?, 75.0% to Cr3?+?, and 47.6% were resistant to Cd2?+?. Majority of these metal-resistant isolates were surprisingly found sensitive to the ten commonly used antibiotics. Out of 198 isolates, 114 were found sensitive to all antibiotics whereas only two isolates were resistant to maximum eight antibiotics at a time. Forty-one and 40 isolates which constitute 20.7% and 20.2% were resistant to methicilin and amoxicillin, respectively. 相似文献
146.
Drinking water quality assessment in Southern Sindh (Pakistan) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mehrunisa Memon Mohammed Saleh Soomro Mohammad Saleem Akhtar Kazi Suleman Memon 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,177(1-4):39-50
The southern Sindh province of Pakistan adjoins the Arabian Sea coast where drinking water quality is deteriorating due to dumping of industrial and urban waste and use of agrochemicals and yet has limited fresh water resources. The study assessed the drinking water quality of canal, shallow pumps, dug wells, and water supply schemes from the administrative districts of Thatta, Badin, and Thar by measuring physical, chemical, and biological (total coliform) quality parameters. All four water bodies (dug wells, shallow pumps canal water, and water supply schemes) exceeded WHO MPL for turbidity (24%, 28%, 96%, 69%), coliform (96%, 77%, 92%, 81%), and electrical conductivity (100%, 99%, 44%, 63%), respectively. However, the turbidity was lower in underground water, i.e., 24% and 28% in dug wells and shallow pumps as compared to open water, i.e., 96% and 69% in canal and water supply schemes, respectively. In dug wells and shallow pumps, limits for TDS, alkalinity, hardness, and sodium exceeded, respectively, by 63% and 33%; 59% and 70%, 40% and 27%, and 78% and 26%. Sodium was major problem in dug wells and shallow pumps of district Thar and considerable percent in shallow pumps of Badin. Iron was major problem in all water bodies of district Badin ranging from 50% to 69% and to some extent in open waters of Thatta. Other parameters as pH, copper, manganese, zinc, and phosphorus were within standard permissible limits of World Health Organization. Some common diseases found in the study area were gastroenteritis, diarrhea and vomiting, kidney, and skin problems. 相似文献
147.
148.
Azizian MF Nelson PO Thayumanavan P Williamson KJ 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2003,23(8):719-728
The practice of incorporating certain waste products into highway construction and repair materials (CRMs) has become more popular. These practices have prompted the National Academy of Science, National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) to research the possible impacts of these CRMs on the quality of surface and ground waters. State department of transportations (DOTs) are currently experimenting with use of ground tire rubber ( crumb rubber) in bituminous construction and as a crack sealer. Crumb rubber asphalt concrete (CR-AC) leachates contain a mixture of organic and metallic contaminants. Benzothiazole and 2(3H)-benzothiazolone (organic compounds used in tire rubber manufacturing) and the metals mercury and aluminum were leached in potentially harmful concentrations (exceeding toxic concentrations for aquatic toxicity tests). CR-AC leachate exhibited moderate to high toxicity for algae ( Selenastrum capriconutum) and moderate toxicity for water fleas ( Daphnia magna). Benzothiazole was readily removed from CR-AC leachate by the environmental processes of soil sorption, volatilization, and biodegradation. Metals, which do not volatilize or photochemically or biologically degrade, were removed from the leachate by soil sorption. Contaminants from CR-AC leachates are thus degraded or retarded in their transport through nearby soils and ground waters. 相似文献
149.
Jamialahmadi Nafise Hashemi Mohammad Jalili Ghazizade Mahdi 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2022,24(5):2054-2067
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - With over 9 million population, challenges of waste management system (WMS) of Tehran can offer some lessons to other middle-income cities. Despite... 相似文献
150.
Salehi Tahereh Shirvani Mehran Dinari Mohammad Gavili Edris 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2022,30(10):4463-4478
Journal of Polymers and the Environment - Adsorptive removal of toxic metals from water using materials with high removal capability and sufficient environmental degradability is of great... 相似文献