Evaluation of cooperative mitigation: captured carbon dioxide for enhanced oil recovery

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - Robust mitigation options will play significant role in achieving the target of limiting global change to below 1.5 °C above...     

Extensive aerosol optical properties and aerosol mass related measurements during TRAMP/TexAQS 2006 – Implications for PM compliance and planning

Extensive aerosol optical properties, particle size distributions, and Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol mass spectrometer measurements collected during TRAMP/TexAQS 2006 were examined in light of collocated meteorological and chemical measurements. Much of the evident variability in the observed aerosol-related air quality is due to changing synoptic meteorological situations that direct emissions from various sources to the TRAMP site near the center of the Houston-Galveston-Brazoria (HGB) metropolitan area. In this study, five distinct long-term periods have been identified. During each of these periods, observed aerosol properties have implications that are of interest to environmental quality management agencies. During three of the periods, long range transport (LRT), both intra-continental and intercontinental, appears to have played an important role in producing the observed aerosol. During late August 2006, southerly winds brought super-micron Saharan dust and sea salt to the HGB area, adding mass to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) measurements, but apparently not affecting secondary particle growth or gas-phase air pollution. A second type of LRT was associated with northerly winds in early September 2006 and with increased ozone and sub-micron particulate matter in the HGB area. Later in the study, LRT of emissions from wildfires appeared to increase the abundance of absorbing aerosols (and carbon monoxide and other chemical tracers) in the HGB area. However, the greatest impacts on Houston PM_2.5 air quality are caused by periods with low-wind-speed sea breeze circulation or winds that directly transport pollutants from major industrial areas, i.e., the Houston Ship Channel, into the city center.     

COD组分分析的实验条件及结果可靠性分析

本研究尝试用SF(OURmax/OURen)代替S(0)/X(0)来作为呼吸法确定COD组分最优实验条件的参数,从而简化测量过程且可实现自动化操作.另外由生长消耗COD与生物量的比值来判断测量结果的可靠性.结果表明,获得可靠的RBCOD组分分析结果的实验条件为:1对于易生物降解含量较高的水质(如由乙酸钠配制的污水),SF在2.8~5.3范围内,生长消耗COD与生物量比值在30%以内;2对于易生物降解和难生物降解物质适中的水质(如典型生活污水),SF应在5.8~6.4左右,生长消耗COD与生物量比值在30%以内;3而对于含有大量难生物降解物质的工业废水(垃圾渗滤液),SF在15以下,且生长消耗COD与生物量的比值在40%以内.由此可见,采用呼吸法确定COD组分,其最优条件SF范围随碳源的复杂程度的上升而上升.     

内电解人工湿地冬季低温尾水强化脱氮机制

针对湿地冬季运行效率低、污染物去除能力差,本研究通过对比无植物湿地、普通湿地和内电解湿地冬季低水温下(3~12℃)对污水厂尾水的脱氮效能,深入分析其微生物群落结构组成,揭示内电解湿地的强化脱氮机制.结果表明,内电解湿地可以更好地利用尾水中碳源,脱氮效果优势明显,出水TN浓度维持在(9±0.29)mg·L~(-1),TN平均去除率达42.27%,比无植物湿地和普通湿地分别高出17.91%、17.33%.冬季低温条件下,内电解湿地微生物活性仍很高,荧光显色法测得微生物活性达到0.224 mg·g~(-1),分别是无植物湿地和普通湿地的2.6、3.4倍,反硝化强度分别是无植物湿地和普通湿地的2.8、3.3倍.高通量测序表明,内电解湿地基质微生物群落多样性优于无植物湿地和普通湿地.检测出的脱氮微生物主要有脱氯单胞菌、根瘤菌、生丝微菌、红杆菌,还有自养反硝化细菌产硫酸杆菌.内电解湿地在脱氮微生物总量上有明显优势,脱氮微生物占微生物总量的7.13%,分别是无植物湿地、普通物湿地的3.8、8.7倍,因而脱氮效率更高.     

Morphology and composition of particles emitted from a port fuel injection gasoline vehicle under real-world driving test cycles

Traffic vehicles, many of which are powered by port fuel injection (PFI) engines, are major sources of particulate matter in the urban atmosphere. We studied particles from the emission of a commercial PFI-engine vehicle when it was running under the states of cold start, hot start, hot stabilized running, idle and acceleration, using a transmission electron microscope and an energy-dispersive X-ray detector. Results showed that the particles were mainly composed of organic, soot, and Ca-rich particles, with a small amount of S-rich and metal-containing particles, and displayed a unimodal size distribution with the peak at 600?nm. The emissions were highest under the cold start running state, followed by the hot start, hot stabilized, acceleration, and idle running states. Organic particles under the hot start and hot stabilized running states were higher than those of other running states. Soot particles were highest under the cold start running state. Under the idle running state, the relative number fraction of Ca-rich particles was high although their absolute number was low. These results indicate that PFI-engine vehicles emit substantial primary particles, which favor the formation of secondary aerosols via providing reaction sites and reaction catalysts, as well as supplying soot, organic, mineral and metal particles in the size range of the accumulation mode. In addition, the contents of Ca, P, and Zn in organic particles may serve as fingerprints for source apportionment of particles from PFI-engine vehicles.     

基于受体模型和源成分谱的缺失组分反演算法

针对目前在线监测仪器无法监测Al、Si标识组分可能增加源解析结果不确定性的问题,基于正交矩阵因子分解法模型和实测源成分谱反演Al、Si受体数据,提出缺失组分反演-嵌套PMF算法.设置周期性和非周期性模拟实验,利用PMF模型对缺失Al、Si受体数据、含反演Al、Si受体数据和含Al、Si受体数据分别进行源解析评估,并将源解析结果与真实值进行对比分析,验证缺失组分反演-嵌套PMF算法的可靠性.研究结果表明对于周期性扰动模拟实验,缺失Al、Si对解析土壤源、机动车、燃煤源有较大的影响,反演Al、Si能优化源解析结果,降低源解析结果的不确定性.     

O池溶解氧水平对石化废水A/O工艺污染物去除效果和污泥微生物群落的影响

以实际石化废水为处理对象,研究溶解氧浓度对A/O反应器生物降解特性的影响.A、B两组反应器平行运行以进行对比,O段的溶解氧浓度分别控制在2~3 mg·L-1和5~6 mg·L-1.反应器稳定运行近半年的结果表明:在HRT为20 h时,A组反应器出水的COD(72.5 mg·L-1±14.8 mg·L-1)略高于B组(68.7 mg·L-1±14.6 mg·L-1),COD平均去除率分别为67.0%和68.8%;出水氨氮的平均浓度和去除率为0.8 mg·L-1和95%左右.出水的BOD5均低于5 mg·L-1.表明A/O反应器对有机物的生物降解比较彻底,溶解氧浓度对其没有显著影响.对O段污泥进行454高通量测序结果表明:变形菌门、浮霉菌门和拟杆菌门细菌所占比例较高,在A、B组反应器中的比例分别为58.7%和59.2%、14.7%和12.7%以及10.8%和12.4%.高溶解氧运行的反应器B具有较高的菌群丰度和多样性,氨氧化菌Nitrosomonas、亚硝酸氧化菌Nitrospira和专性好氧菌如Planctomyces的比例较高.厌氧反硝化菌如Azospira和Acidovora在反应器A中的含量较高.在属的水平,鉴定出的Novosphingobium、Comamonas、Sphingobium和Altererythrobacter属细菌具有降解多环芳烃、氯代硝基苯、农药和石油化合物的功能,有利于石化废水的降解.     

一种新型"Turn-on"荧光探针用于硫化氢可视化检测

硫化氢(H2S)是表征水体污染的重要参数之一,对其进行快速、有效地检测十分重要.荧光检测法由于具有不可比拟的优势得到了广泛的关注.以2-(2'-羟基苯基)苯并咪唑为荧光团,基于H2S的亲核性,设计合成了一种新型检测H2S的荧光探针.该探针与H2S作用后,荧光强度随H2S浓度的增加逐渐增强,颜色由淡黄色变成紫色,因此能够进行可视化检测,可视化检测限为3μmol·L-1.探针的最佳激发/发射波长为320/460 nm,对H2S表现出了良好的选择性和很快的响应速度(5 min),在较宽的p H(6~9)范围内,仍然表现出较好的荧光性能,荧光检测限为6μmol·L-1.该探针为H2S的检测提供了新方法.     

Biomonitoring verkehrsbedingter Platin-Immissionen

Traffic related platinum deposits on, or near to, the roads. Platinum accumulation was studied using the method of standardised culture of grass (Lolium multiflorum) at locations with different traffic exposure in the region of Munich. Grass cultures from 6 locations with high traffic exposure, and 3 reference locations far away from traffic emissions, were analysed in 1992 and 1993. The results show a good indication of the platinum emissions byLolium multiflorum. The platinum concentrations rose with the increasing traffic. They diminished with growing distance from the verge of the road. The highest average platinum concentrations were measured at locations close to highly frequented urban roads, in the range 0.8 to 2.9 μg/kg dm. The average platinum concentration at locations far from emissions was found in the range of 0.17 to 0.51 μg/kg dm in 1992 and 1993. The good correlation between the platinum concentrations in grass cultures and the concentrations of other traffic-related elements, like antimony, chromium and lead, verifies the dependence of platinum accumulation from traffic.