Total mercury, organic mercury and selenium in liver and kidney of a South American coastal dolphin

Selenium and total and organic mercury were determined in the liver and kidney of franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei) incidentally caught in fishing nets along two Brazilian coastal areas (southeast and south). Regional differences in the concentrations of these contaminants were observed in P. blainvillei. Liver showed the highest organic and total mercury. In general, samples of individuals collected at the southern of Brazil had the highest concentrations of selenium and total and organic mercury. No significant gender differences were observed. Growth stage influenced the accumulation of these contaminants in both organs, and hepatic concentrations increased with the body length, according to the sampling area. Molar mercury and selenium concentrations in liver were significantly correlated, with a Se:Hg ratio close to 4. The among-site differences we found may be related to differences in preferred prey, bioavailability in the marine environment, environmental conditions, or these individuals may belong to distinct populations.     

Persistence of perfluoroalkylated substances in closed bottle tests with municipal sewage sludge

BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: Perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) are chemicals with completely fluorinated alkyl chains. The specific properties of the F-C bond give PFAS a high stability and make them very useful in a wide range of applications. PFAS also pose a potential risk to the environment and humans because they have been recently characterized as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic. The objective of this work is to study the bacterial degradation of PFAS under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in municipal sewage sludge as a contribution toward understanding their environmental fate and behavior. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bacterial communities from sewage sludge were exposed to a mixture of PFAS under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Individual PFAS concentrations were determined in the experiment media at different exposure times using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis after extraction with solid-phase extraction. RESULTS: The PFAS analyses of samples of sludge showed repeatable replicate results, allowing a reliable quantification of the different groups of PFAS analyzed. No conclusive evidence for PFAS degradation was observed under the experimental conditions tested in this work. Reduction in concentrations, however, was observed for some PFAS in sludge under aerobic conditions. DISCUSSION: The largest concentration decrease occurred for the fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), especially for the 8:2 FTOH, which have been described as biodegradable in the literature. However, this concentration decrease could be due to different causes: sorption to glass, septa, or matrix components, as well as bacterial activity. Therefore, it is not certain that biodegradation occurred. CONCLUSIONS: PFAS are very recalcitrant chemicals, especially when fully fluorinated. Although some decreases in concentration have been observed for some PFAS, such as the FTOHs, there is no conclusive evidence for biodegradation. It can be concluded that the PFAS tested in these experiments are non-biodegradable under these experimental conditions. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Since the presence of PFAS is ubiquitous in the environment and they can be toxic, more research is needed in this field to elucidate which PFAS are susceptible to biodegradation, the conditions required for biodegradation, and the possible routes followed. A possible inhibitory effect of PFAS on bacteria, the threshold concentrations, and conditions of inhibition should also be investigated.     

MSBR 7池工艺除磷影响因素的试验研究

在正交试验确定的相对最佳操作条件的基础上,对MSBR7池工艺除磷影响因素进行了研究,结果表明:在本试验选定的因素中,对系统除磷影响的主次顺序为COD/P>R>MLSS>COD/N;工艺要求COD/P>60,COD/N>7,但是过高的COD/P也会导致TP去除率下降;在R为0.6时系统除磷效果最好;进水COD浓度过低或过高都会导致系统除磷效果下降.     

铜导线短路熔痕微观形貌特征分析与研究

采用模拟实验的方法制备了铜导线一次短路熔痕和二次短路熔痕,利用KYKY-2800B型扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对铜导线一次短路熔痕和二次短路熔痕的微观形貌进行了观察,并对内部气孔的数量、大小、分布等进行了统计分析,发现了一次短路气孔的数量、分布与二次短路之间的差别与长期采用的鉴定依据不同.     

钼矿尾矿区蔬菜地土壤中重金属含量分析与生态风险预警评估

研究钼矿尾矿区周边菜地土壤的重金属污染现状及生态风险.选取20个钼矿尾矿区周边受污染菜地的土壤样本,用HNO3-HF-HClO4处理后,采用等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定土壤样品中Mo、Pb、As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu、Ni的全量并分析其存在形态,进行生态风险预警评估.结果表明,土壤中重金属含量的分布为残余态>有机结合态>氧化结合态>酸可提取态(Pb、Zn氧化结合态>有机结合态,Hg有机结合态=酸可提取态>氧化结合态);菜地土壤的生态风险指数,IEH=80.62,其预警类型为重警;主要重金属污染为Cd、Hg、Cr污染并伴有Zn、Ni、Cu污染;Hg的酸可提取态所占比例较大,可能影响农作物的正常生长;重金属污染可能来自尾矿石中重金属的释放,并与污灌及化学农药的使用有一定关系.研究为清除或减轻土壤重金属污染、修复和改良已污染土壤提供参考依据.     

凹凸棒土改性方法研究进展

介绍了凹凸土矿物特性、资源概况,综述了凹凸土各种改性方法和研究进展。根据应用凹凸土的不同目的而采用不同的改性方法和改性剂,可相应改善其性能。     

Preparation of a titanium dioxide photocatalyst codoped with cerium and iodine and its performance in the degradation of oxalic acid

A novel class of visible light-activated photocatalysts was prepared by codoping TiO(2) with cerium and iodine (Ce-I-TiO(2)). The particles were characterized using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV-Visible light absorption. Particles of Ce-I-TiO(2) had greater photoabsorption in the 400-800 nm wavelength range than iodine-doped TiO(2) (I-TiO(2)). The effects on the photocatalytic degradation of oxalic acid under visible light or UV-Visible light irradiation were investigated. The photocatalytic activity of Ce-I-TiO(2) calcined at 673 K was significantly higher than that of Ce-I-TiO(2) calcined at 773 K and I-TiO(2) calcined at 673 K in aqueous oxalic acid solution under visible light or UV-Visible light irradiation. Under visible light irradiation, oxalic acid was first adsorbed on the surface of the catalysts rather than reacted with free radicals in the bulk solution, and then oxidized by (·)OH(ads) to CO(2), which was verified by studying the effects of nitrogen purging and scavengers, as well as by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.     

Carbon source/sink function of a subtropical, eutrophic lake determined from an overall mass balance and a gas exchange and carbon burial balance

Although studies on carbon burial in lake sediments have shown that lakes are disproportionately important carbon sinks, many studies on gaseous carbon exchange across the water-air interface have demonstrated that lakes are supersaturated with CO(2) and CH(4) causing a net release of CO(2) and CH(4) to the atmosphere. In order to more accurately estimate the net carbon source/sink function of lake ecosystems, a more comprehensive carbon budget is needed, especially for gaseous carbon exchange across the water-air interface. Using two methods, overall mass balance and gas exchange and carbon burial balance, we assessed the carbon source/sink function of Lake Donghu, a subtropical, eutrophic lake, from April 2003 to March 2004. With the overall mass balance calculations, total carbon input was 14 905 t, total carbon output was 4950 t, and net carbon budget was +9955 t, suggesting that Lake Donghu was a great carbon sink. For the gas exchange and carbon burial balance, gaseous carbon (CO(2) and CH(4)) emission across the water-air interface totaled 752 t while carbon burial in the lake sediment was 9477 t. The ratio of carbon emission into the atmosphere to carbon burial into the sediment was only 0.08. This low ratio indicates that Lake Donghu is a great carbon sink. Results showed good agreement between the two methods with both showing Lake Donghu to be a great carbon sink. This results from the high primary production of Lake Donghu, substantive allochthonous carbon inputs and intensive anthropogenic activity. Gaseous carbon emission accounted for about 15% of the total carbon output, indicating that the total output would be underestimated without including gaseous carbon exchange.     

工资发放管理系统

Foxpro是一种方便的图形化数据库开发语言。笔者利用它编写了一个简单实用的工资发放管理系统软件。本文从该软件的设计思想、实施方法、难点分析、使用效果等几个方面介绍和论述。     

内电解-Fenton氧化法降解活性艳蓝X-BR机理

以蒽醌染料活性艳蓝X-BR为研究对象,进行了内电解-Fenton氧化法降解蒽醌染料机理的研究。通过紫外-可见分光光度计、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪、高效液相色谱仪、离子质谱仪等分析检测仪器对反应过程中间产物进行了分析,并通过对各种谱图的解析,推断出了活性艳蓝X-BR在内电解-Fenton氧化法处理降解过程中的反应历程。