植物内生菌16S rRNA基因扩增子高通量测序中降低宿主污染的方法

植物内生菌能够帮助植物生长,增强其抗逆性与抗病性,研究植物内生菌对了解植物入侵机制、保护生态环境与农业的健康发展具有重要意义.通过阅读相关文献,总结归纳了降低植物内生菌16SrRNA基因扩增子高通量测序(16S-seq)中宿主基因污染的4种方法,即:①寻找特异性错配引物用来扩增细菌16S rRNA基因;②添加特异性阻断...     

高速铁路客运车站气力垃圾收集输送系统应用研究

近年来国内高速铁路发展迅猛,同时也新建了一些高速铁路车站,但目前国内铁路车站站车垃圾仍然采用原始的人工收集或者人工机械混合收集的方式,这些传统的垃圾收集方式影响城市形象及人身健康。气力垃圾收集输送系统是目前国际最为先进的垃圾收集输送系统,文章对该系统在高速铁路车站的应用进行了研究,提出了具体的实施方案。     

市售绿茶自混合水溶液中吸附除去铬（Ⅵ）的研究

本文探讨了国产茶叶（市售云南产绿茶）的结构、成份和溶解，以及在不同浓度、时间、ｐＨ、温度的条件下，自混合溶液中大量吸附铬（Ⅵ）的特性。结果表明，浸泡过的茶叶对Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的吸附率略低于未泡茶样，在一定条件下，Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的吸附量可达到４．９６ｍｇ／ｇ。我们建议在这复杂体系中，用离子交换吸附过程形成表面配合物，以及发生化学作用的综合吸附机理来解释。     

The levels, sources and reactivity of volatile organic compounds in a typical urban area of Northeast China

Air concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were continually measured at a monitoring site in Shenyang from 20 August to 16 September 2017. The average concentrations of alkanes, alkenes, aromatics and carbonyls were 28.54, 6.30, 5.59 and 9.78 ppbv, respectively. Seven sources were identified by the Positive Matrix Factorization model based on the measurement data of VOCs and CO. Vehicle exhaust contributed the most (36.15%) to the total propene-equivalent concentration of the measured VOCs, followed by combustion emission (16.92%), vegetation emission and secondary formation (14.33%), solvent usage (10.59%), petrochemical industry emission (9.89%), petrol evaporation (6.28%), and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) usage (5.84%). Vehicle exhaust, solvent usage and combustion emission were found to be the top three VOC sources for O₃ formation potential, accounting for 34.52%, 16.55% and 11.94%, respectively. The diurnal variation of the total VOCs from each source could be well explained by their emission characteristics, e.g., the two peaks of VOC concentrations from LPG usage were in line with the cooking times for breakfast and lunch. Wind rose plots of the VOCs from each source could reveal the possible distribution of the sources around the monitoring site. The O₃ pollution episodes during the measurement period were found to be coincident with the elevation of VOCs, which was mainly due to the air parcel from the southeast direction where petrochemical industry emission was found to be dominant, suggesting that the petrochemical industry emission from the southeast was probably a significant cause of O₃ pollution in Shenyang.     

MODELKEY

The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires the achievement of good ecological and chemical status in European river basins. However, evidence is increasing that a majority of European water bodies will not achieve this goal. Nutrient emissions and related eutrophication together with hydromorphological alterations have been suggested as the major driving forces of this insufficient ecological status. MODELKEY (511237 GOCE, FP6) provides strong evidence that toxic chemicals also affect the ecological status of European rivers. This was demonstrated in the case study rivers Elbe, Scheldt and Llobregat on different scales. This paper summarises key findings of MODELKEY including recommendations for WFD implementation. We ? provide evidence of toxic stress in aquatic ecosystems, ? provide evidence that impairment of ecological status results from impact of multiple stressors, ? suggest a tiered approach to assess impact of chemicals on ecological status, ? suggest a new approach for deriving candidate compounds for monitoring and prioritisation, ? call for consideration of bioavailability and bioaccumulation in chemical status assessments, ? suggest improvements for WFD water quality monitoring programmes, ? provide new integrated tools for basin-scale risk assessment and decision making, ? developed a Decision Support System to support river basin management. These key results will be presented in a series of ten integrated sections; for the scientific details please refer to publications listed on the MODELKEY website (http://www.modelkey.org/). This article also looks beyond MODELKEY and proposes a combination of MODELKEY diagnostic tools with recent ecological methods to further improve effectiveness of river basin management.     

食物相暴露下三丁基锡(TBT)在疣荔枝螺(Thais clavigera)体内的吸收和代谢动力学

将牡蛎消化腺分别暴露在1000 ng·L-1和100 ng·L-1 TBT水溶液中4周,然后将染毒的牡蛎消化腺分别投喂疣荔枝螺(Thais clavigera).经过45 d的暴露和30 d的净化,我们发现雌雄疣荔枝螺的消化和生殖系统能较快地吸收TBT(吸收速率ku=0.004-0.022·d-1),并且其代谢(生物代...     

北京地区重金属在土壤中的纵向分布和迁移

本文讨论了重金属在土壤中的纵向分布和迁移及其对地下水污染的可能性.在典型褐土中,重金属在B层发生淀积,但在冲积性土壤中,重金属的含量随冲积层粘性增高而增多,土柱模拟试验表明,Cd仅在土壤表层聚积.野外研究表明,在旱作农田下,由于灌溉水和雨水不能渗入深层.重金属亦难于下移到深层.但在污泥沉淀池、污水渠或水稻田等长期存纳污水情况下,重金属会向下迁移并可能污染地下水.     

蓝藻水华防治技术研究综述

蓝藻水华是严重威胁水源地安全、影响社会可持续发展和社会稳定的重要生态灾害,一直受到政府部门和社会各界的高度重视,开展蓝藻水华防治技术与示范研究,保障引水安全已到了刻不容缓的地步。对目前国内外蓝藻水华的防治措施进行了综述,从当前的水华防治技术发展现状来看,不同的技术措施各有利弊,适应的条件也不尽相同,因此除了要求各种方法自身进行技术革新和进步外,将不同的防治措施进行技术集成将是今后蓝藻水华防治的发展趋势。     

Reductive degradation of nitrobenzene in aqueous solution by zero-valent iron

The reductive degradation of nitrobenzene (NB) by zero-valent iron was investigated. Experimental results showed that the degradation of NB was influenced by pH and NB concentration. The optimum pH value was found to be 3.0 for the reductive degradation of NB in the tested pH ranges of 3.0-12.0. The formation rate of aniline, a major reductive product of NB, followed zero-order kinetics at various pH levels. Furthermore, GC/MS analysis showed that aniline, azobenzene and azoxybenzene were the reductive products of NB by zero-valent iron. With the analysis of the products with GC/MS and FTIR, possible reductive pathways of NB by zero-valent iron were suggested.     

冻融循环对黏质粗粒土抗剪强度影响的试验研究

通过室内循环冻融循环试验和三轴不固结不排水(UU)压缩试验研究了循环冻融作用与细砾组含量(P_(2-5))对黏质粗粒土抗剪性能的影响。结果表明,冻融循环作用对黏质粗颗粒土的应力—应变曲线性状具有一定的影响,可使其由未冻融的应变软化向应变硬化转变的趋势,但随着细砾组P_(2-5)含量的增加,冻融作用对其影响逐渐减弱。随着冻融循环次数的增加,土样剪切强度呈现逐渐衰减,且在5～9次冻融循环次数后基本保持不变,多次循环冻融作用后剪切强度最大衰减幅度可达40%。弹性模量随冻融循环次数的增加上下波动较大但整体呈现下降趋势。在抗剪强度指标方面,冻融作用对黏聚力影响比较显著,随着冻融循环次数的增加,黏聚力逐渐减小,最大衰减幅度可达65%,而内摩擦角上下波动较大无明显趋势。此外,随着细砾组P_(2-5)含量的增加,剪切强度、弹性模量及抗剪强度指标均呈现不同程度的减小,这与粗粒土内部粗颗粒和细颗粒占比及其强度发挥机制有关。