铁碳微电解-Fenton法预处理苯胺基乙腈生产废水的动力学研究

通过采用铁碳微电解-Fenton法预处理苯胺基乙腈生产废水的实验研究,分析了处理过程的COD降解动力学;同时研究了单纯活性炭吸附和微电解过程中COD去除率的变化。结果表明,铁碳微电解的初期COD降解过程近似符合一级反应动力学,并且得到微电解与活性炭吸附对铁碳微电解降解COD的关系式;Fenton反应中通过研究有机物浓度和过氧化氢初始浓度与反应进程的关系,建立了反应动力学模型;单纯吸附实验COD去除率在24 h内快速下降,而微电解在相应时间内COD去除率波动较小,为实际应用提供了数据经验和理论依据。     

红枫湖水体中叶绿素a的遥感监测

以地处贵州中部的红枫湖水库为研究区,2010年的ALOS影像为基础,利用B3、B4(三波段和四波段)的乘积影像研究红枫湖水库库区表面的叶绿素a分布情况。结果表明,库区水体叶绿素a浓度在空间分布上呈现自三岔河入水口到北湖逐渐降低,沿岸边向湖中心逐渐降低的态势。探讨了适宜该库区的水体叶绿素a的提取方法,并引入基于费歇尔准则的最优分割算法,利用计算机编程实现了该库区叶绿素a分布水平的最优分划。这一系列针对该库区水体叶绿素a提取、分析和监测的优化方法,对该水源地的污染监测和库区的生态治理有一定的参考价值。     

Sorption and photodegradation of chlorpyrifos on riparian and aquatic macrophytes

Surface water bodies may become contaminated via spray drift following pesticide application. In this investigation, the photodegradation and sorption of chlorpyrifos was studied in four riparian macrophytes representative of Mediterranean flora (Phragmites australis, Iris pseudacorus, Equisetum pratense and Typha latifolia). The results of experiments with both the active ingredient and the formulation DURSBAN 48® EC confirm the ability of these species to interact with chemicals such as chlorpyrifos. The maximum sorption of chlorpyrifos at equilibrium was observed in Phragmites australis (22%). And, the maximum instantaneous sorption of chlorpyrifos was observed in the dried biomass of Phragmites australis (49%). The epicuticular waxes present on leaves influence photodegradation processes, resulting in a decrease in chlorpyrifos persistence depending on the nature of the extract. The half-life of chlorpyrifos residues in leaf waxes decreased from 34 to 99 minutes when irradiated.     

Investigation on pretreatment of centrifugal mother liquid produced in the production of polyvinyl chloride by air-Fenton technique

Centrifugal mother liquid (CML) is one of the main sources of wastewater produced during the production of polyvinyl chloride in chlor-alkali industry. CML is a typical poorly biodegradable organic wastewater, containing many kinds of refractory pollutants. Specifically, it contains dissolved refractory polymers, especially polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), which can pass though the biotreatment processes and clog the membranes used for further treatment. In this study, to ensure the CML applicable to biotreatment and membrane treatment, a novel efficient and mild technique, air-Fenton treatment, was employed as a pretreatment technique to improve biodegradability of the CML and to break down the polymers in the CML. Firstly, the technique was optimized for the CML treatment by optimizing the main parameters, including the dosage of ferrous sulfate, initial pH of the wastewater, [H₂O₂]/[Fe²⁺], aeration rate, reaction time, and temperature, based on removal efficiency of COD and PVA from the CML. Then, the optimized technique was tested and evaluated. The results indicated that under the optimized conditions, the air-Fenton treatment could remove 66, 98, and 55 % of the COD, PVA, and TOC, respectively, from the CML. After the treatment, biodegradability of the wastewater increased significantly (BOD/COD increased from 0.31 to 0.68), and almost all of the PVA polymers were removed or broken down. Meanwhile, concentration of the remaining iron ions, which were added during the treatment, was also quite low (only 2.9 mg/L). Furthermore, most of the suspended materials and ammonia nitrogen, and some of the phosphorus in the wastewater were removed simultaneously.     

海绵铁作为渗透反应墙介质去除地下水中NO3--N的初步研究

采用孔隙率高、比表面积大的海绵铁作为渗透反应墙(PRB)介质,通过3批动态实验讨论了海绵铁+锰砂单层介质、海绵铁+锰砂+活性炭单层介质,以及海绵铁+锰砂和活性炭的双层介质对地下水中NO3--N的去除效果.结果表明,经过292 h的PRB动态实验,填充海绵铁+锰砂单层介质、海绵铁+锰砂+活性炭单层介质、海绵铁+锰砂与活性炭双层介质的反应器的NO3--N去除率分别达到了70.65％、84.22％、88.09％,采用海绵铁与活性炭的单层介质或双层介质的反应器对地下水中NO3--N和TN的去除效果显著增强,出水中NH4+-N浓度相对也有所降低;扫描电镜和X射线衍射分析结果表明,经过PRB动态实验后,海绵铁表面覆盖了厚厚的膜,微孔隙被许多新的物质堵塞,这会导致海绵铁的氧化还原反应能力减弱,阻碍地下水中NO3--N的进一步还原去除,这也是以后实际应用中需要解决的问题.     

复合絮凝剂APAC中铝形态分布及絮凝性能研究

用慢速滴碱法合成聚合氯化铝的过程中加入酸改性的凹凸棒,制备了新型絮凝剂APAC。采用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法和烧杯絮凝实验法分别研究了APAC复合絮凝剂中铝的形态分布和絮凝性能。结果表明,Ala随盐基度的升高而逐渐降低;Alb随盐基度的升高而升高;Alc则先随盐基度的升高而升高,达到最大值后,再随盐基度的升高而降低。在相同实验条件下,盐基度愈高,混凝效果愈好,Alb含量愈高,混凝效果并不一定愈好。因此,APAC的质量控制以及追求目标应当是尽量提高Alc的含量,而不是Alb的含量。     

New DDT inputs after 30 years of prohibition in Spain. A case study in agricultural soils from south-western Spain

This study provides information on the current status of contamination by DDT in agricultural soils in south-western Spain. A recent use of technical DDT in at least 17% of the soils was found based on the values (<1) of the ratio Rp,p^′/p,p^′=[p,p^′-DDE+p,p^′-DDD]/[p,p^′-DDT]. According to the ratio Ro,p^′/p,p^′=[o,p^′-DDT]/[p,p^′-DDT], a dicofol type contamination was detected in about 27% of the soils. A wide range of concentrations was observed (0.08-11.1 ng/g d.w.) regardless of the type of crop soil. Enantiomeric fractions (EFs), based on the chiral analysis of o,p′-DDT residues differed from the racemic value (0.500) in most soils but they were not correlated with the study variables [DDTs], SOM, Rp,p^′/p,p^′ and Ro,p^′/p,p^′. Given the health risks posed by DDT, our findings support how the environmental control of legacy pollutants such as DDT cannot be neglected.     

基于斑马鱼全生命周期毒性测试的研究进展

作为一种模式生物,斑马鱼具有很多优点,包括体积小、成本低、适应性广、繁殖周期短、胚胎透明且产卵量高等,因而被广泛应用于生态毒理学等领域。斑马鱼的生命阶段主要包括胚胎、仔鱼和成鱼3个阶段。近年来,斑马鱼全生命周期的毒理学研究所占比重不断上升并呈稳定增长的趋势。本文对斑马鱼3个生命阶段及整个生命周期的毒性试验展开综述,介绍了斑马鱼全生命周期实验在毒理学中的研究进展,总结了各生命阶段国内外的标准规范和资源库信息、毒理学终点及转基因斑马鱼的研究进展,归纳了多阶段毒性评价和整个生命周期毒性评价的应用。最后,对全生命周期和基于斑马鱼毒性测试的应用做出展望,对未来开展的相关研究提出建议。     

把好进口关

化学性食物中毒指有毒的金属、非金属及化合物,农药、亚硝酸盐等化学物质污染的食物而引发食物中毒。如有机磷、亚硝酸盐、砷化物等。预防留存在蔬菜水果表面的农药,应用清水彻底冲洗