黄河入河沙漠颗粒物对磷酸盐的吸附特征

研究了黄河入河沙漠颗粒物在天然水(河水和海水)中对磷酸盐的吸附行为,用改进的Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型对实验数据进行了拟合.结果表明,①改进的Langmuir等温吸附模型更适用于描述黄河入河沙漠颗粒物对磷酸盐的吸附特征,其物理意义更明确,得到的拟合参数更合理;②颗粒物对磷的最大吸附容量Qmax变化范围为41.322～357.143mg.kg-1,其中居延海颗粒物Y2的Qmax最大.Qmax与颗粒物(Y1～Y5)的有机质有着极显著的正相关关系;③除巴丹吉林沙漠颗粒物Y1外,颗粒物的临界磷平衡浓度EPC0值均大于其相应水体的磷浓度.Y1在黄河水中吸附磷的EPC0小于相应水体的磷浓度0.0100.053 mg.L-1,而在渤海海水中却大于相应水体的磷浓度0.1090.074 mg.L-1,表明Y1吸附了黄河水中的磷,进入渤海后Y1原有吸附可交换态磷NAP转移到海水中.其它颗粒物与相应水体进行磷交换的过程中存在着解吸磷的现象,具有向相应水体释放磷的能力;④黄河入河沙漠颗粒物对磷酸盐的吸附等温线是过溶液浓度轴0.00的交叉型等温线,这种新型交叉型吸附-解吸模型较好地解释了其吸附特征和天然粒子的双重性作用.     

自然水体生物膜对铜(Ⅱ)、镉(Ⅱ)的吸附研究

以董铺水库为水源、天然纯棉绳为人工基质培养生物膜,研究了附着在棉绳表面上的自然水体生物膜吸附Cu和Cd的热力学和动力学特征及pH对吸附性能的影响.通过对实验数据进行非线型拟合,发现生物膜对2种重金属的吸附均符合Freundlich(F)和Langmuir(L)吸附等温式,对2种金属的吸附能力顺序是:Cu＞Cd.生物膜对Cu和Cd的吸附在数小时内可达到平衡,吸附过程符合二级动力学特征.通过调节吸附液的pH值,研究了不同pH对吸附效果的影响.结果表明,随着pH的升高,2种金属的吸附量明显增加.     

土壤对六价铬的还原容量初步研究

提出并讨论了土壤的潜在还原容量、有效还原容量和条件还原容量等概念，通过对采用北京和唐山地下水饮用水源区３个包气带土壤样品的土柱淋滤实验，研究了土壤对水溶液中六价铬的还原作用，研究了上述土壤各种还原容量之间的关系及影响因素，探讨了向土壤中投加适量常见，无毒，价廉的还原性物质以提高土壤还原能力的方法和将其应用于去除灌溉用污染地下水中六价铬的可能性，实验结果表明，在正常环境条件下，土壤的有效还原容量比土     

氧化亚氮在森林和草原中的地-气交换

采用箱式法,建立了一套完整的测定森林草原土壤Ｎ２Ｏ排放方法,并对我国北方的自然环境中Ｎ２Ｏ排放作了观测,得出其最大排放通量为２３μｇ／（ｍ＾２·ｈ）。并发现森林草原土壤当温度低于１５℃时对Ｎ２Ｏ有吸收行为,其最大吸收通量为１８．９８４μｇ（ｍ＾２·ｈ）。     

MBR与PAC-MBR对微污染水源水中总磷的去除效果研究

通过曝气、膜组件、反应器等方面的改进,用MBR与PAC(粉末活性炭)-MBR处理微污染水中得总磷(TP).实验结果表明:MBR稳定后出水TP含量低于0.02mg/L,去除率达到90％左右,有效的解决了此类微污染水体富营养化的干扰;而PAC-MBR组合工艺对TP的处理效果明显优于MBR工艺,稳定后对TP的去除率达到98％以上.     

The impact of climate change on global energy use

Robust decision making, a growing approach to infrastructure planning under climate change uncertainty, aims to evaluate infrastructure performance across a wide range of possible conditions and identify the most robust strategies and designs. Robust decision making seeks to find potential weaknesses in systems in order to gird these through a combination of policy, infrastructure, and, in some cases, resilient or recovery strategies. A system can be explored by simulating many combinations of uncertain climatic and economic parameters; statistical clustering can identify parameter thresholds that lead to unacceptable performance. Often, however, uncertain variables are correlated, complicating the robustness analysis and casting doubt upon the thresholds identified. Here, we evaluate the impact of ordinary, hidden correlations in uncertainty parameters that drive simulation in robust decision making. We induced correlations between temperature and key climatic and economic parameters. We tested correlations of 0%, 30%, 60%, and 90% between temperature and the absolute value of precipitation, coefficient of variation, and downward surface solar radiation, and negative correlations between temperature and net variable benefit and the discount rate. We used a calibrated simulation model of a dam system regulating Lake Tana, Ethiopia, to compute the agricultural supply and net present value of the reservoirs. As the correlation strength increased, the results converged in a smaller region. We found that strong correlations depressed robustness scores of lower-performing alternatives and conversely increased results of the higher-performing alternatives. As the correlations increased in favorable alternatives, the failure thresholds became more extreme, speciously suggesting that only intense changes would result in poor performance. This overall analysis highlights the degree to which correlations of an interconnected climatic and economic system can impact outcomes of robust decision making and suggests methods to avoid confounding results.

     

Anoxic phosphorus removal in a pilot scale anaerobic-anoxic oxidation ditch process

The anaerobic-anoxic oxidation ditch (A²/O OD) process is popularly used to eliminate nutrients from domestic wastewater. In order to identify the existence of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria (DPB), evaluate the contribution of DPB to biological nutrient removal, and enhance the denitrifying phosphorus removal in the A²/O OD process, a pilot-scale A²/O OD plant (375 L) was conducted. At the same time batch tests using sequence batch reactors (12 L and 4 L) were operated to reveal the significance of anoxic phosphorus removal. The results indicated that: The average removal efficiency of COD, NH₄⁺, PO₄³⁻, and TN were 88.2%, 92.6%, 87.8%, and 73.1%, respectively, when the steady state of the pilotscale A²/O OD plant was reached during 31–73 d, demonstrating a good denitrifying phosphorus removal performance. Phosphorus uptake took place in the anoxic zone by poly-phosphorus accumulating organisms NO₂⁻ could be used as electron receptors in denitrifying phosphorus removal, and the phosphorus uptake rate with NO₂⁻ as the electron receptor was higher than that with NO₃⁻ when the initial concentration of either NO₂⁻ or NO₃⁻ was 40 mg/L.     

专业课教学中的思想教育探讨

针对我国理工科大学专业课教学工作的特点,本文提出了专业课教学中进行思想政治教育的建议,论述了教师在专业课教学中有效地融大学生的思想政治教育于专业课教学中的方法,以便起到合力育人目的,促进高校专业课教学工作.     

环境保护与科学发展

环境保护是实现科学发展的基础和保障。本文阐述了环境保护与科学发展的关系,分析了中国、尤其是黑龙江省环境资源状况。环境保护已成为中国经济社会发展的重要制约因素。从转变思想观念、完善环境经济政策和技术政策、改善环境保护的法制环境、解决突出环境保护问题等方面,提出了环境保护要保障经济社会发展全局,经济社会发展也要充分考量环境保护的具体措施。     

领结图分析法在组织变更中的应用

介绍了领结图分析方法的分析过程及在组织变更中的应用。应用于组织变更过程时,识别变更带来的风险及需要制定的控制措施,并结合检查和差距分析手段,确定组织的关键安全岗位,以保障组织的安全管理水平不会因变更的原因而降低。