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33.
González-Doncel M Ortiz J Izquierdo JJ Martín B Sánchez P Tarazona JV 《Chemosphere》2006,63(5):835-844
Presently, in the Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals the classification of substances for long-term effects to aquatic life is based on acute toxicity in combination with degradation and/or bioaccumulation potential. Recently an OECD Working Group was created to develop the classification scheme to accommodate chronic toxicity data related to aquatic organisms for assigning a chronic hazard category. This study focuses on a new approach for setting chronic toxicity cut-off values based on Chemicals Toxicity Distributions (CTDs). A CTD is obtained through statistical fitting of the data used by regulatory bodies for setting hazard-based classifications. The CTDs were made using the lowest aquatic NOEC value of each chemical. A review of different toxicological sources reporting acute aquatic toxicities was carried out. Initially, the data were arranged according to the specific source and distributions for key taxonomic groups (i.e. fishes, crustaceans and algae) were evaluated separately. In most cases, no significant departures from normality were observed. Thereafter, a compiled database containing >900 values was developed and the CTDs were constructed for each taxonomic group. Significant deviation from normality (P < 0.05) was observed in the fishes and crustaceans' CTDs. However, this deviation was apparently produced by the presence of only seven values with NOECs <1 x 10(-5) mg l(-1), while high correlation between the data and the normal scores (r-values>or= 0.989) indicated that the data were samples from normal distributions. From these observations, potential cut-off values would allow quantitative estimations of the percentage of chemicals falling into each specific category. This approach results in a simple classification hazard scheme where most chemicals are covered in one of the categories, allowing a clear distribution of the chemicals among three categories for chronic toxicity. 相似文献
34.
35.
Guy Mercier Patrick Drogui Jean-Fran?ois Blais Myriam Chartier 《Water environment research》2006,78(8):872-879
The objective of this research was to investigate the performance of the ferrous sulfate bioleaching (FSBL) process in a pilot plant for decontamination and stabilization of wastewater sludge. Batch and continuous experiments, conducted with two 4-m3 bioreactors using indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria (20% v/v of inoculum) with addition of 4.0 g ferrous sulfate heptahydrate per liter of sludge initially acidified to pH 4.0, were sufficient for effective heavy metal (cadmium, copper, manganese, zinc, and lead) removal yields. The average metal removal yields during the FSBL process were as follows: cadmium (69 to 75%), copper (68 to 70%), manganese (72 to 73%), zinc (65 to 66%), and lead (16%). The FSBL process was also found to be effective in removing both fecal and total coliforms (abatement > 5 to 6 log units). The nutrients content (nitrogen, phosphorus, and magnesium) were also preserved in decontaminated sludge. 相似文献
36.
Klaus-Dieter Wenzel Ludwig Weiβflog Enrique Paladini Miguel Gantuz Pablo Guerreiro Carlos Puliafito Gerrit Schüürmann 《Chemosphere》1997,34(12):2505-2518
The air pollution profiles of organic xenobiotics (including chlorinated insecticides and benzenes, PCBs and PAHs) were comparatively analyzed in the climatically different regions of Leipzig-Halle (Germany) and Greater Mendoza (Argentina) using two-year-old pine needles (Pinus sylvestris L.) as passive biomonitors. In addition to total compound contents, the levels of potentially bioavailable fraction in the inner needle compartment were determined. The peak levels of chlorinated insecticides and PAHs in an urban park in Mendoza were found to exceed the maximum levels in the Leipzig-Halle region by one to two orders of magnitude, indicating the recent substantial tropospheric input of the compounds from local sources. Bioavailable fractions were observed to exhibit considerable variations for some of these compounds, which became even more distinct when needle samples from Germany and Argentina were compared. Generally speaking, an increase in permeability under semiarid climatic conditions was observed for most of the xenobiotics examined. The discussion of the results reflects the problems associated with using biomonitoring for semivolatile compounds. Interpretation takes into account pollution measurements in the air at Argentine and German reference sites. 相似文献
37.
José A. Donázar Alejandro Travaini Olga Ceballos Alejandro Rodríguez Miguel Delibes Fernando Hiraldo 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1999,45(1):55-65
Phenotype-limited interference models assume competitive asymmetries among conspecifics and unequal sharing of resources.
Their main prediction is a correlation between dominance status and patch quality: dominant individuals should preferentially
exploit better-quality habitats. We tested assumptions and predictions of the phenotype-limited interference model in Andean
condors (Vultur gryphus), a New World vulture with strong sexual size dimorphism (males are 30–40% heavier than females). We recorded searching birds
in habitats differing in quality: mountains and plains. We also observed scavenging behaviour at 20 sheep carcasses, and videotaped
5 of them. Intraspecific hierarchy at carcasses was based on size: males dominated females and, within each sex, older birds
dominated younger ones. Adult males and juvenile females occupied extreme positions in the feeding hierarchy. Aggression was
directed at those individuals belonging to lower hierarchical levels. In high-quality areas (mountains), more condors arrived
at carcasses. Juvenile females were more often observed searching in low-quality areas (plains), far from breeding areas and
main roost sites. GLM analyses of individual behaviour showed that the hierarchy did not influence time of arrival, but low-ranking
individuals spent more time at carcasses, especially if the number of condors at arrival was high. Additionally, low-ranking
condors spent less time feeding at carcasses when individuals of higher hierarchical levels were present. On the other hand,
the number of condors present had a positive effect on feeding rates of dominant individuals, probably because of a reduction
in individual vigilance. These results support most of the assumptions and predictions of the phenotype-limited distribution
model, although a spatial truncated distribution between phenotypes was not observed. Asymmetric feeding pay-off, unequal
parental roles and sexual selection constraints could favour sexual divergence in body size in Andean condors.
Received: 6 April 1998 / Accepted after revision: 11 July 1998 相似文献
38.
Miguel A. Medina Jennifer Buzun 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1981,17(4):549-557
: This paper presents solutions to the one-dimensional, transient conservation of mass equations for the coupled biochemical oxygen demand-dissolved oxygen (BOD-DO) reactions, based on the principle of superposition, for continuously discharging plane sources. The solutions are applied within the framework of a continuous simulation model to allow the derivation of water quality frequency curves and frequency histograms of consecutive hourly dissolved oxygen violations, for any desired standard. Receiving water response is determined for waste inputs from urban wet weather, dry weather, and upstream sources. An application to Des Moines, Iowa, and Des Moines River indicated that urban storm water impacts on the stream can be masked in the cumulative frequency curve representation, but the benefits of storm water control are clearly shown in frequency histograms of the duration of consecutive stream standard violations. 相似文献
39.
Maria Clara P. Amorim José Miguel Simões Vitor C. Almada Paulo J. Fonseca 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(4):707-716
Signal attributes should show different degrees of variability depending on the information to be conveyed. Species identity
is usually associated with stereotyped features of a signal, whereas other types of information such as individual quality
and motivation are associated with signal plasticity. Lusitanian toadfish males form aggregations during the breeding season
and emit a tonal advertisement call (the boatwhistle) to attract mates to their nests. We test the hypothesis that the boatwhistle
can convey information both on individual identity and motivation by checking how signal parameters vary with time. We study
how the physical (tide level) and social (calling alone or in a chorus) environments and male calling rate affect this advertisement
signal and how all these external and internal factors (environment, social and male motivation) blend to modulate the Lusitanian
toadfish’s advertisement call. Boatwhistles of each male were very stereotyped in short periods of time (minutes), but intra-male
signal variability greatly increased in a longer time scale (days). Nevertheless, significant differences among males could
still be found even in a long time scale. Pulse period was the acoustic feature that most contributed to discriminate among
males. Tide level and male calling rate modulated boatwhistle characteristics, and there was a differential effect of tide
on call attributes depending on male calling rate. Social acoustic environment only affected calling rate. These results suggest
that inter-individual differences in call characteristics and call plasticity may mediate both male–male assessment and mate
choice. 相似文献
40.
Serena Caplins Miguel Angel Penna-Diaz Erick Godoy Nelson Valdivia J. M. Turbeville Martin Thiel 《Marine Biology》2012,159(6):1363-1374
Understanding the impact of environmental stressors on predator activity is a prerequisite to understanding the underlying
mechanisms shaping community structure. The nemertean Prosorhochmus nelsoni is a common predator in the mid-intertidal zone on rocky shores along the Chilean coast, where it can reach very high abundances
(up to 260 ind m−2) in algal turfs, algal crusts, barnacle crusts, and mixed substrata. Tidal and diurnal scans revealed that the activity of
P. nelsoni is primarily restricted to night and early-morning low tides and is relatively low when air temperatures are high. On average,
larger worms crawled faster than smaller worms, with their maximum velocity being influenced by substratum type. Their estimated
rate of predation is 0.092 prey items nemertean−1 day−1, just below the laboratory rate of ~0.2 amphipods nemertean−1 day−1 previously estimated for this species. P. nelsoni consumes a diverse spectrum of prey items (i.e., amphipods, isopods, decapods, barnacles, and dipterans) and is possibly
exerting a significant influence on its prey populations. We suggest that the opportunistic predatory behavior of this intertidal
predator is caused by the trade-off between immediate persistence (e.g., avoidance of desiccation) and long-term survival
through successful foraging. 相似文献