基于微观模拟的企业排污强度差异及区域特征

同一工业行业内的企业存在排污强度个体差异,从数量有限的企业环境统计数据得出行业平均排污强度,并用其代表该行业在区域层面的经济-环境水平,会带来一定偏差.因此以嵌入环境消耗投入的生产函数为基础,建立了企业运营决策的微观模拟模型,从机制上描述企业排污强度的差异.以2005年德阳市机械制造行业为案例,对模型的相关参数进行了率定,使其较好地描述了2005年环境统计口径内各企业的COD排放强度.模型的计算结果表明,由环境统计口径内企业计算的区域平均COD排放强度(万元固定资产排放0.002 6 t,万元工业产值排放0.001 5 t)小于由区域内全部企业计算的区域平均COD排放强度(万元固定资产排放0.003 0 t,万元工业产值排放0.002 3 t),市域内6个县级行政区的排污强度也体现出了明显差异.以上的排污强度区域特征主要源自行业内部结构(企业的规模分布,技术分布),及其空间差异.     

生态系统结构对太湖有机聚集体理化性质的影响

2007年1~12月对太湖4个不同生态类型湖区水体中有机聚集体(organic aggregates,OA)的丰度、有机质含量和营养盐(N、P)含量及其它水环境因子进行了同步监测.结果表明,①OA是太湖水体中营养盐的一个重要来源,其N、P含量分别占水体中TN、TP的16.5%及43.3%;②水体中OA的丰度与水体的富营养化程度密切相关,随着水体富营养化水平的提高和浮游植物生物量的增加,OA丰度及其中有机质的含量也呈现逐渐上升的趋势;③风浪扰动对太湖水体中OA的理化性质影响较大.OA作为营养盐的一个重要载体,可能是浅水湖泊营养盐循环中的一个关键点.     

原生颗粒污泥单级自养脱氮工艺处理污泥压滤液的研究

在长期运行的处理污泥压滤液的气提亚硝化反应器中发现了单级自养脱氮反应,并形成了具有自养脱氮性能的原生颗粒污泥.以原生颗粒污泥启动并运行了单级自养脱氮反应器,对污泥压滤液进行脱氮处理取得了良好效果.进水总氮浓度为350 mg.L-1左右时,总氮平均去除率为74.81%,最高达86.92%,总氮平均去除负荷(以N计,下同)为0.68 kg.(m3.d)-1,最高达0.90 kg.(m3.d)-1.投加粉末活性炭后单级自养脱氮反应得到强化,运行稳定性得到提高.进水基质浓度、氮负荷及曝气量对自养脱氮反应影响较大.污泥压滤液中的有机物、pH值和碱度对单级自养脱氮反应影响较小.曝气量/ΔTN、曝气量/ΔNH4+-N及ΔALK/ΔTN比值可作为单级自养脱氮反应重要的运行指标.     

固定化微生物技术处理城市微污染河水研究

将陶粒、功能化聚氨酯泡沫(FPUFS)、阿科蔓柔性填料、人工水草等4种不同载体与高效复合菌剂BP35应用于曝气生物滤池(BAF)构成固定化曝气生物滤池(G-BAF),研究固定化微生物技术对城市微污染河水的净化效果.4种G-BAF对NH4+-N、叶绿素和浊度的去除率分别为83.0%~89.0%、77.5%~89.0%和84.4%~95.2%,均大于对COD、UV254和TP的去除效果.FPUFS含有羟基、环氧基和酰胺基等反应性基团,对酶和微生物的负载量大,因此FPUFS-G-BAF对污染物的去除效率高于其余3种G-BAF.水力停留时间(HRT)对4种G-BAF去除NH4+-N的影响均不显著,而对COD的去除效果影响较大.当溶解氧(DO)浓度由2 mg/L升至4 mg/L时,4种G-BAF对COD和NH4+-N的去除率分别提高了11.9%~18.0%和12.7%~16.1%.GC-MS分析结果表明,G-BAF工艺能有效地将河水中分子质量较大的难降解有机物降解为小分子物质.     

3,4-二氯苯胺与取代芳烃联合毒性的定量构效关系研究

采用细菌生长抑制实验测定了取代芳烃及其混合物对长江水中混合细菌的急性毒性,得到17种单一化合物的半数抑制浓度(IC50)及22组混合物的半数抑制浓度(IC50mix).采用毒性单位法和混合毒性指数法对联合毒性效应进行了定性评价,3,4-二氯苯胺与胺类化合物的联合效应以简单相加或部分相加作用为主,而3,4-二氯苯胺与酚类化合物的联合效应则多表现为协同作用.以化合物的辛醇/水分配系数(lgP)和分子最低空轨道能(ELUMO)为结构描述符,分别建立了单一毒性和联合毒性的定量构效关系(QSAR)模型.所得模型对极性麻醉型化合物和反应性化合物的毒性都具有较强的预测能力,不仅能预测3,4-二氯苯胺与取代芳烃不同配比的二元混合物的联合毒性,也能预测三元和四元混合物的联合毒性.     

特定岸坡生态系统去除水源中微量有机物实验研究

水源地长期污染严重,微量有机物检出率增加,水质安全性下降,以及岸坡传统硬质化护砌导致生态恶化,为此提出以新型环保材料生态混凝土构建特定岸坡生态系统改善水源水质的研究方法.中试实验结果表明,停留时间为6 d时,水中阿特拉津、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的去除率分别为70.5%、57.7%、72.4%、62.4%和45.1%,水样有机物图谱峰数与黄浦江原水相比减少23个,峰总面积降低36.8%;相同条件下对照水库(岸坡硬质护砌),5种微量有机物的去除率仅为40.2%、42.9%、54.8%、52.0%和16.2%.以生态混凝土为载体构建的水源地特定岸坡生态系统在微生物和绿色植物等多因素协同作用下,使水中微量有机物去除效果明显,对改善水源水质和生态修复具有积极意义.     

微囊藻毒素-LR的臭氧降解研究

采用不同的臭氧投加量,考察了微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)的降解效果,并通过对臭氧氧化过程中产生的8种主要降解产物的相对分子质量分析,推测其降解途径.结果表明,臭氧氧化降解MC-LR主要通过Adda途径和Mdha途径来完成对MC-LR的降解和脱毒作用.臭氧氧化的Adda途径是通过对MC-LR上Adda侧链的进攻,断开具有活性的Adda支链,而达到脱毒的目的;臭氧氧化的Mdha途径是通过对MCs肽环上面Mdha和Ala的断键,打开环状肽链,使藻毒素失去活性,在整个过程中Adda途径占主导地位.在O3∶MC为6时,MC-LR的去除率最高可达到92%.     

Effectiveness of fluidized pellet bed for removing soluble contaminants

Fluidized pellet bed (FPB) has been successfully applied in water and wastewater treatment. However, the removal mechanism ofcontaminants especially the soluble ones, is still unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the e ectiveness of FPB reactor for removingsoluble contaminants from synthetic wastewater. By only coagulation through jar test operation with addition of polyaluminium chloride(PACl) as primary coagulant and polyacryamide (PAM) as coagulant-aid, the removals of soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD),total phosphorus (TP), and NH4+-N were found to be only 2.2%–7.5%, 5.7%–25.5%, and 9.9%–18.5%, respectively. However, by FPBoperation under the same dosage of coagulants, these values increased to 82.7%, 37.2%, and 50%, indicating that the formation ofpellets in the FPB e ectively enhanced the removal of soluble contaminants. By careful comparison of the settleablility and filterabilityof the pollutants after coagulation, the originally soluble contaminants could be divided into three groups, namely: (1) coagulated-andsettleable,(2) coagulated-but-nonsettleable, and (3) uncoagulable. It was found that not only the first two groups but also a large part ofthe third group could be e ectively removed by FPB operation. However, the mechanism for the removal of the uncoagulable pollutantsby FPB operation still needs further investigation.     

Combined alkaline and ultrasonic pretreatment of sludge beforeaerobic digestion

Alkaline and ultrasonic sludge disintegration can both be used as pretreatments of waste activated sludge (WAS) for improving the subsequent anaerobic or aerobic digestion. The pretreatment has been carried out using different combination of these two methods in this study. The effect was evaluated based on the quantity of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) in the pretreated sludge as well as the degradation of organic matter in the following aerobic digestion. For WAS samples with combined pretreatment, the released COD was in high level than those with ultrasonic or alkaline treatment. When combined with the same ultrasonic treatment, NaOH treatment resulted in more solubilization of WAS than Ca(OH)2. For combined NaOH and ultrasonic treatments with different sequences, the released COD were in the order: simultaneous treatment > ultrasonic treatment following NaOH treatment > NaOH treatment following ultrasonic treatment. For simultaneous treatment, low NaOH dosage (100 g/kg dry solid), short duration (30 min) of NaOH treatment, and low ultrasonic specific energy (7 500 kJ/kg dry solid) were beneficial for sludge disintegration. Using combined NaOH and ultrasonic pretreatment with the optimium parameters, the degradation efficiency of organic matter was increased from 38.0% to 50.7%, which is much higher than with ultrasonic (42.5%) or with NaOH pretreatment (43.5%) in the subsequent aerobic digestion at the same retention time.     

Partitioning of water soluble organic carbon in three sediment size fractions： Effect of the humic substances

Water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in sediments plays an important role in transference and transformation of aquatic pollutants. This article investigated the inherent mechanisms of how sediemnt grain size affect the partitioning coeffcient (k) of WSOC. Influences of NaOH extracted humic substances were particularly focused on. Sediments were sampled from two cross-sections of the middle Yellow River and sieved into three size fractions (< 63 μm, 63-100 μm, and 100--300 μm). The total concentration of WSOC in sediments (CWSOC) and k were estimated using multiple water-sediment ratio experiments. Results show that CWSOC ranges from 0.012 to 0.022 mg/g, while k ranges from 0.8 to 3.9 L/kg. Correlations between the spectrum characteristics of NaOH extracted humic substances and k were analyzed. Strong positive correlations are determined between k and the aromaticity indicators of NaOH extracted humic substances in different sediment size fractions. Comparing with finer fractions (< 63 μm), k is higher in larger size fractions (63--100 and 100--300 μm) related to higher aromaticity degree of NaOH extracted humic substances mostly. While negative relationship between k and the area ratio of fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) at 3400 and 1430 cm-1 implied that the lowest k was related to the highest concentration of the acidic humic groups in particles < 63 μm. WSOC in finer fractions (< 63 μm) is likely to enter into pore water, which may further accelerate the transportation of aquatic contaminants from sediment to water.