鞍山市供水水质安全面临的问题与保障对策

从生活饮用水质安全的角度评价了鞍山市供水水质的安全现状，分析了鞍山市供水水质安全面临的各种挑战，探讨了影响水质安全的主要问题，并提出对鞍山市水质安全的保障对策和技术措施。     

不同热解温度BC对BAF处理水产养殖废水的影响机制

为改善传统曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理水产养殖废水中氮磷和抗生素的处理效果,本文以人工模拟含磺胺甲噁唑(SMX)、磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)、恩诺沙星(ENR)和环丙沙星(CIP)的水产养殖废水为处理对象,以不同热解温度下(400,500,600,700℃)制备的生物炭(BC)分别作为不同BAF的填料(编号依次为2#～5#),研究了其对BAF启动运行过程中COD、氨氮、TN、TP和4种抗生素的去除效能影响,同时以传统沸石填料的BAF作为对照组(编号1#).利用多种测试手段解析了反应器稳定运行典型周期内污染物的去除特性、微生物胞外聚合物(EPS)含量和电子传递系统活性(ETSA),并运用高通量测序技术分析了各反应器内关键微生物种群组成.结果表明,与传统BAF相比,BC作为填料强化了2#～5#BAFs对废水中氮、磷及抗生素等污染物的去除效能,并且高温热解的BC更有利于各污染物的去除;反应器内微生物EPS含量和PN/PS值均高于对照组,且随BC热解温度的升高而增加;而ETSA与BC的热解温度呈负相关,但以BC作填料的2#～5#BAFs内ETSA均高于1#BAF (对照组),BC填料增加了BAF内的电子...     

利用巨藻发酵联产氢气与挥发性有机酸的研究

通过批式实验探讨了巨藻生物质厌氧发酵过程中巨藻的预处理方法、接种比、初始p H值等条件对累积产氢和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的影响,结果发现,巨藻可以用来发酵联产氢气与VFA;热碱预处理比较适于巨藻发酵产氢与产酸,在4 g·L-1的Na OH和100℃处理后,接种比为0.3,初始p H值为6时,单位挥发性固体(VS)最大累积产氢量可达到36.21 m L·g-1,比未经处理巨藻提高了77.82%;同时,巨藻在最佳的预处理条件下单位VS的总挥发性脂肪酸TVFA的产率为0.15 g·g-1,且以乙酸和丁酸为主.     

连续流好氧颗粒污泥系统处理低COD/N实际生活污水的工艺优化

在连续流合建式反应器中接种成熟好氧颗粒污泥处理低碳氮比(COD/N)的实际生活污水,研究了曝气量和水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)对连续流好氧颗粒污泥系统脱氮除磷和颗粒污泥稳定性的影响.结果表明,当曝气量为300 m L·min-1(表观气速为1.2 cm·s-1)、HRT为7.5 h时,反应器对化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)、总氮(total nitrogen,TN)和总磷(total phosphorus,TP)去除率达到最高,分别为76.34%、51.23%和53.70%.整个系统在此条件下能够稳定运行,污泥浓度(mixed liquor suspended solids,MLSS)为2 000 mg·L-1左右,污泥体积指数(sludge volume index,SVI)保持在50 m L·g-1以下,好氧颗粒污泥形态完整,沉降性能良好.低COD/N的实际生活污水促进了好氧颗粒污泥胞外多聚物(extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)的增长,蛋白质(protein,PN)和多聚糖(polysaccharide,PS)的比值高达17.9,相对于PS,PN对颗粒污泥的稳定性有更大的促进作用.     

好氧污泥颗粒化中胞外聚合物（EPS）的动态变化

在SBR中分别运行普通活性污泥和好氧颗粒污泥工艺,考察普通絮体污泥颗粒化过程中EPS的组分变化和分布情况.结果表明,通过减少沉淀时间可以获得质量高的颗粒污泥,污泥系统中的EPS可划分为紧密结合型、松散结合型和溶解性3种;普通污泥期、颗粒污泥初期和颗粒污泥稳定期的EPS含量均以紧密结合型EPS为主,颗粒污泥中总EPS和溶解性EPS含量均高于普通污泥,且颗粒形成初期溶解性EPS增长明显;颗粒污泥中紧密结合型EPS含量相对稳定,松散结合型EPS在不同污泥中含量很低,一个典型反应周期中蛋白质和多糖的变化趋势普遍是先降低后上升,普通污泥和颗粒污泥EPS中蛋白质含量均高于多糖,颗粒形成初期EPS中蛋白质含量有明显上升;普通絮体污泥中EPS和细菌分布均匀,颗粒污泥的表层聚集大量的细菌、内部主要成分是EPS.     

耐高氨氮异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌TN-14的鉴定及其脱氮性能

从环境中筛选出1株耐高氨氮、具有产絮、异养硝化-好氧反硝化能力的新菌株TN-14,对其进行生理生化特征及分子鉴定、异养硝化-好氧反硝化能力以及产絮性能的考察,并研究其与耐氨氮能力以及对高氨氮猪场废水的除污性能.根据菌株生理生化特征以及分子鉴定结果,可初步确定菌株TN-14为不动杆菌Acinetobacter sp..异养硝化反应体系中,24 h内菌株TN-14对氨氮、总氮的去除率分别达到97.13%和93.53%;硝酸盐反硝化体系中,24 h内硝态氮从94.24 mg·L-1降到39.32mg·L-1,硝态氮的去除率达到58.28%,反硝化速率为2.28 mg·(L·h)-1;亚硝酸盐反硝化体系中,亚硝态氮从反应初始浓度97.78 mg·L-1下降到21.30 mg·L-1,亚硝态氮去除率达78.22%,反硝化速率为2.55 mg·(L·h)-1.菌株TN-14具有良好的产絮特性,其培养液对0.4%的高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率可达94.74%;菌株TN-14能够在氨氮高达1200 mg·L-1的环境下生长.菌株TN-14对实际猪场废水中的COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷去除率分别达到85.30%、65.72%、64.86%和79.41%,在实际高氨废水生物处理中具有良好的应用前景.     

化工生产装置活性危害评估

活性危害的评估由理论筛选,热稳定性的实验筛选,动力学参数的检测装置,紧急排放系统的设计、筛选和放大,过程设计和优化等几个部分组成.     

Idle emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles: review and recent data

Heavy-duty diesel vehicle idling consumes fuel and reduces atmospheric quality, but its restriction cannot simply be proscribed, because cab heat or air-conditioning provides essential driver comfort. A comprehensive tailpipe emissions database to describe idling impacts is not yet available. This paper presents a substantial data set that incorporates results from the West Virginia University transient engine test cell, the E-55/59 Study and the Gasoline/Diesel PM Split Study. It covered 75 heavy-duty diesel engines and trucks, which were divided into two groups: vehicles with mechanical fuel injection (MFI) and vehicles with electronic fuel injection (EFI). Idle emissions of CO, hydrocarbon (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and carbon dioxide (CO2) have been reported. Idle CO2 emissions allowed the projection of fuel consumption during idling. Test-to-test variations were observed for repeat idle tests on the same vehicle because of measurement variation, accessory loads, and ambient conditions. Vehicles fitted with EFI, on average, emitted approximately 20 g/hr of CO, 6 g/hr of HC, 86 g/hr of NOx, 1 g/hr of PM, and 4636 g/hr of CO2 during idle. MFI equipped vehicles emitted approximately 35 g/hr of CO, 23 g/hr of HC, 48 g/hr of NOx, 4 g/hr of PM, and 4484 g/hr of CO2, on average, during idle. Vehicles with EFI emitted less idle CO, HC, and PM, which could be attributed to the efficient combustion and superior fuel atomization in EFI systems. Idle NOx, however, increased with EFI, which corresponds with the advancing of timing to improve idle combustion. Fuel injection management did not have any effect on CO2 and, hence, fuel consumption. Use of air conditioning without increasing engine speed increased idle CO2, NOx, PM, HC, and fuel consumption by 25% on average. When the engine speed was elevated from 600 to 1100 revolutions per minute, CO2 and NOx emissions and fuel consumption increased by >150%, whereas PM and HC emissions increased by approximately 100% and 70%, respectively. Six Detroit Diesel Corp. (DDC) Series 60 engines in engine test cell were found to emit less CO, NOx, and PM emissions and consumed fuel at only 75% of the level found in the chassis dynamometer data. This is because fan and compressor loads were absent in the engine test cell.     

Soil radioactivity and incidence of cancer in Nigeria

The significance of exposure from natural radioactivity in soil and the potential risk for causing health detriment have not received adequate attention in Nigeria. Cancer has become a major cause of mortality in the recent times and now the public interest in the long-term effects of radiation on humans has assumed great prominence following the establishment of a nuclear regulatory body in Nigeria. This study is an effort to investigate a possible relationship between reported cancer incidence and external terrestrial radiation dose level across the six geo-political zones of the country. Data from the national cancer registries across the zones were compared with expected cancer incidences due to soil radioactivity based on the linear no-threshold model (LNT). A regression equation that best describe the reported cancer incidence and the expected cancer incidence was developed. It was observed that cancer cases attributable to radiation exposure due to soil radioactivity is low, constituting only between 1.3% and 9.2% of the total reported cases.     

陕西省红豆杉与紫杉醇的产业化开发

本文通过对陕西省红豆杉和紫杉醇的研究历史及开发现状的分析,指出了在产业化开发过程中存在的问题,提出了解决对策。