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81.
Elisabeth Mathijs Ambroos Stals Leen Baert Nadine Botteldoorn Sarah Denayer Axel Mauroy Alexandra Scipioni Georges Daube Katelijne Dierick Lieve Herman Els Van Coillie Mieke Uyttendaele Etienne Thiry 《Food and environmental virology》2012,4(4):131-152
Human noroviruses (NoVs) are considered a worldwide leading cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis. Due to a combination of prolonged shedding of high virus levels in feces, virus particle shedding during asymptomatic infections, and a high environmental persistence, NoVs are easily transmitted pathogens. Norovirus (NoV) outbreaks have often been reported and tend to affect a lot of people. NoV is spread via feces and vomit, but this NoV spread can occur through several transmission routes. While person-to-person transmission is without a doubt the dominant transmission route, human infective NoV outbreaks are often initiated by contaminated food or water. Zoonotic transmission of NoV has been investigated, but has thus far not been demonstrated. The presented review aims to give an overview of these NoV transmission routes. Regarding NoV person-to-person transmission, the NoV GII.4 genotype is discussed in the current review as it has been very successful for several decades but reasons for its success have only recently been suggested. Both pre-harvest and post-harvest contamination of food products can lead to NoV food borne illness. Pre-harvest contamination of food products mainly occurs via contact with polluted irrigation water in case of fresh produce or with contaminated harvesting water in case of bivalve molluscan shellfish. On the other hand, an infected food handler is considered as a major cause of post-harvest contamination of food products. Both transmission routes are reviewed by a summary of described NoV food borne outbreaks between 2000 and 2010. A third NoV transmission route occurs via water and the spread of NoV via river water, ground water, and surface water is reviewed. Finally, although zoonotic transmission remains hypothetical, a summary on the bovine and porcine NoV presence observed in animals is given and the presence of human infective NoV in animals is discussed. 相似文献
82.
Nadine Andrieu Etienne Josien Michel Duru 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2007,120(2-4):359-369
In order to assess the impact of policies to encourage extensification in less favoured areas and improve our knowledge of extensive livestock systems, we analyzed relationships between the diversity of grassland vegetation and land use management practices and field characteristics. This study, conducted on a mountainous area in the centre of France, was based on 149 fields, mainly of natural grasslands belonging to 7 farmers. Regression analyses were performed to analyze the relations between the grassland vegetation types (five types established from the list of dominant species), management practices (cutting versus grazing and fertilization) and the topographic (altitude and aspect) and topologic (slope, distance and surface area) characteristics of the fields. The land use management rules used by the farmers were studied by specifying the grazing management rules of the herd (dairy cows), as well as those for conserved forage (mainly hay or silage) and were identified from observations mentioned on the “grazing schedules”, as well as from interviews at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the study period. The statistical analysis showed that neither the topographic characteristics of the fields nor the distance from the cowshed or surface area were correlated with the grassland vegetation types. It was the management practices used, largely determined by the field slope, which determined the grassland vegetation type. On the other hand, farmers’ statements showed that the grazing and cutting management rules were mostly determined by the slope of the fields and the distance from the cowshed and, to a lesser extent, by the altitude and aspect. These results showed that the farmers take into consideration environmental differences when choosing fields to allocate for grazing and cutting at different seasons, particularly when they are constrained by these features. Nevertheless, when the constraints were minimal, a wide diversity of grassland vegetation types was also observed. This diversity was a result of attributing different functions to the fields which led to different management practices (defoliation methods and fertilization) and, thus, to different grassland vegetation types. Consequently, for farms where animal feed requirements vary according to the time of the year and the type of animal, we suggest that diversity in the grassland vegetation types is a sound component of these livestock systems. 相似文献
83.
84.
Nadine Heitmann Christine Bertram Daiju Narita 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2012,17(6):669-686
Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) has recently been receiving increasing recognition in policy debates. Various aspects of possible regulatory frameworks for its implementation are beginning to be discussed in Europe. One of the issues associated with the wide use of CCS is that it requires the establishment of a carbon dioxide (CO2) transport network, which could result in the spatial restructuring of power generation and transmission systems. This poses a significant coordination problem necessitating public planning and regulation. This paper provides a survey over multiple research strands on CCS, particularly energy system modeling and spatial optimization, pertaining to the efficient installment of CCS-related infrastructure throughout Europe. It integrates existing findings and highlights the factors that determine policy coordination needs for a potential wide implementation of CCS in the next decades. 相似文献
85.
86.
Thomas Günter Preuss Monika Hammers-Wirtz Udo Hommen Mascha Nadine Rubach Hans Toni Ratte 《Ecological modelling》2009
An individual-based model was developed to predict the population dynamics of Daphnia magna at laboratory conditions from individual life-history traits observed in experiments with different feeding conditions. Within the model, each daphnid passes its individual life cycle including feeding on algae, aging, growing, developing and – when maturity is reached – reproducing. The modelled life cycle is driven by the amount of ingested algae and the density of the Daphnia population. At low algae densities the population dynamics is mainly driven by food supply, when the densities of algae are high, the limiting factor is “crowding” (a density-dependent mechanism due to chemical substances released by the organisms or physical contact, but independent of food competition). 相似文献
87.
Jacqueline Dubroca Nadine Collignon Agathe Brault Guillermina Hernandez-Raquet Dominique Patureau Christian Mougin 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2009,7(4):369-373
Biosolids spread onto agricultural soils are potential sources of steroidal hormones that are able to adversely affect the
soil ecosystem. Here we studied the fate of the [4-14C]-17-β-estradiol hormone in laboratory experiments. First, our results show that only 2.9% of the hormone was mineralized
in the soil from a French vineyard. By contrast, the mineralization increased to 7.1% when the hormone was provided in composted
biosolids. Second, we found that only a minor part of the estradiol-derived 14C was mobile and partly transferred to soil leachates. Indeed, the hormone was mainly stabilized in the soil as non-extractable
residues. Overall, our findings show that estradiol undergoes two main processes, complete degradation and stabilisation.
We therefore conclude that the environmental risk of hormones provided to the soil through composted biosolids is negligible
under the conditions of our experiments. 相似文献
88.
Rochelle Constantine Debbie Steel Judy Allen Megan Anderson Olive Andrews C. Scott Baker Peta Beeman Daniel Burns Jean-Benoît Charrassin Simon Childerhouse Michael Double Paul Ensor Trish Franklin Wally Franklin Nick Gales Claire Garrigue Nadine Gibbs Peter Harrison Nan Hauser Amanda Hutsel Curt Jenner Micheline-Nicole Jenner Greg Kaufman Anne Macie David Mattila Carlos Olavarría Adrian Oosterman David Paton Michael Poole Jooke Robbins Natalie Schmitt Peter Stevick Alden Tagarino Kirsten Thompson Juney Ward 《Marine Biology》2014,161(5):1087-1093
Understanding the dynamics of population recovery is particularly complex when an organism has multiple, remote breeding and feeding grounds separated by one of the longest known migration routes. This study reports on the most comprehensive assessment of humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) movements between remote Antarctic waters south of New Zealand and east Australia (EA), and the migratory corridors and breeding grounds of Australia and Oceania. A total of 112 individual whales were identified; 57 from microsatellites and 61 by fluke with 23 % (n = 26) matched to sites outside Antarctica. Despite large datasets from other southern regions being included in the comparison, the whales were predominantly linked to EA (n = 24). Only two matches to the Oceania catalogues directly north was surprising; therefore the primary feeding grounds of these endangered whales still remain unknown. The confirmation of the Balleny Islands as an important feeding ground for EA whales could provide an insight into reasons behind the rapid recovery of this population. Determining the feeding grounds of Oceania’s whales may explain whether prey energetics or migration length are limiting factors to their recovery and will allow an understanding of future ecosystem changes in these whales. 相似文献
89.
Nishant Pandya Nadine Gabas Eric Marsden 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2012,25(1):20-32
We present the results of a parametric sensitivity analysis of a widely used model for atmospheric dispersion of toxic gases, in order better to understand the influence of user-adjustable parameters on model outputs. We have studied 60 min continuous release scenarios for three different products (nitric oxide, ammonia and chlorine), chosen to cover a range of physical characteristics and storage conditions. For each product, we have broken down base-case scenarios into a number of sub-scenarios corresponding to different release conditions which determine physical phenomena (flow rate, release angle, release elevation and atmospheric stability class). The use of statistical tools to analyze the results of a large number of model executions allows us to rank model parameters according to their influence on the variability of a number of model outputs (distances and concentrations), on a per-scenario and per-product basis. Analysis of the results allows us to verify our understanding of the modeling of cloud dispersion. 相似文献
90.
Nadine C. Chapman Madeleine Beekman Benjamin P. Oldroyd 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(3):419-427
When a honeybee (Apis spp.) colony loses its queen and is unable to rear a new one, some of the workers activate their ovaries and produce eggs.
When a colony has a queen (i.e., it is queenright) almost all worker-laid eggs are eaten, but when hopelessly queenless, the
workers become more tolerant of worker-laid eggs and rear some of them to adult drones. This increased tolerance renders a
queenless colony vulnerable to worker reproductive parasitism, wherein unrelated workers enter the colony and lay eggs. Here,
we show that the proportion of unrelated (non-natal) workers significantly decreases after an Apis mellifera colony becomes queenless. The remaining non-natal workers are as likely to have activated ovaries as natal workers, yet they
produce more eggs than natal workers, resulting in significantly higher reproductive success for non-natal workers. In a second
experiment, we provided queenless and queenright workers with a choice to remain in their own colony or to join a queenless
or queenright colony nearby. The experiment was set up such that worker movement was unlikely to be due to simple orientation
errors. Very few workers joined another colony, and there was no preference for workers to drift into or out of queenless
or queenright colonies, in accordance with the proportion of non-natal workers declining significantly after becoming queenless
in the first experiment. 相似文献