絮体破碎再形成行为的计算机模拟

为了深入探讨絮体破碎行为对其分形成长及结构的影响,借助一种简化的絮体破碎模式对絮体破碎/再形成过程进行计算机模拟。通过对比分析破碎前后虚拟絮体的形态特征及其统计特性,得出如下主要结论：（1）絮体发生破碎后,所形成碎片的形态特征直接影响着再形成絮体的形态及恢复程度;（2）絮体外围枝杈结构的破坏,有利于运动粒子进入絮体内部或者均匀地排列在凝聚核周围,改善絮体质心附近颗粒的空间分布,从而有效地提高其致密性和抗剪切破坏能力;（3）在絮体分形成长过程中,存在一个使其由各向同性向各向异性过渡的临界状态,之后发育良好的枝杈对其余枝杈生长的抑制作用增强。此外,在实际操作时还应严格控制絮凝体系的物化条件,不宜使絮体过度破碎,以获得较好的絮凝效果。     

不确定性水质模型及其研究进展

水环境是一个充满不确定性因素的复杂巨系统,研究这些不确定性的变化有利于提高人们对水环境分析的认识和做出更切合实际的决策.详细、清晰地评述了不确定性水质模型研究的必要性、研究的方法和国内外研究进展等,并针对此类模型研究与应用过程中普遍存在的一些问题、主要表现和成因进行了分析与论述,最后结合目前的研究热点指出了今后不确定性水质模型发展的3个重要方向.     

4种镰刀菌毒素的气相色谱系统检测方法

镰刀菌毒素常交叉污染谷物、食品和饲料.建立系统检测方法是必要的.本研究以三氟醋酸酐(TFAA)为衍生化试剂,用气相色谱系统检测脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)、二醋酸藨草镰刀菌烯醇(DAS)、T-2毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN).确定了最佳衍生条件.利用毛细管色谱柱,在规定气谱条件下,4种毒素衍生物得到完全分离,并且稳定性良好,不同浓度的相关系数都在0.9990以上.DON、DAS、T-2毒素的检测限达到1×10~(-9) g,ZEN的检测限达到1.5×10~(-8)g.     

低温极端载荷作用下船艏结构损伤演化过程研究

目的 掌握船舶在极地低温极端环境中航行时,船舶艏部结构遭遇冰山等极端载荷作用下的主要参数对结构损伤演化过程的影响,揭示船舶艏部结构的失效机理。方法 以船舶艏部结构为研究对象,基于数值仿真方法,开展不同碰撞场景、环境温度、撞击速度、冰体塑性应变、船体材料本构模型、撞击角度等参数对结构损伤的影响研究。结果 建立了数值仿真简化模型,获得了不同参数对结构损伤的影响规律。结论 材料模型对船体结构损伤的影响较小。随着航速增加、撞击角度增大,船体损伤范围增大。随着船体材料性能增强,撞击区刚度增大,船体结构损伤范围减小。形成的损伤演化模拟方法可为极地极端环境下船舶结构损伤演化分析提供技术手段。     

A comprehensive simulation approach for pollutant bio-transformation in the gravity sewer

A comprehensive pollutant transformation model for sewer systems is established. The model comprises fermentation, sulfate reduction and ammonification processes. Biochemical reactions related to distinct carbon sources are depicted in the model. Pollutant transformation is attributed to different biochemical reaction processes. Presently, several activated sludge models (ASMs) have been developed to describe a few biochemical processes. However, the commonly used ASM neither clearly describe the migratory transformation characteristics of fermentation nor depict the relationship between the carbon source and biochemical reactions. In addition, these models also do not describe both ammonification and the integrated metabolic processes in sewage transportation. In view of these limitations, we developed a new and comprehensive model that introduces anaerobic fermentation into the ASM and simulates the process of sulfate reduction, ammonification, hydrolysis, acidogenesis and methanogenesis in a gravity sewer. The model correctly predicts the transformation of organics including proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, etc. The simulation results show that the degradation of organics easily generates acetic acid in the sewer system and the high yield of acetic acid is closely linked to methanogenic metabolism. Moreover, propionic acid is the crucial substrate for sulfate reduction and ammonification tends to be affected by the concentration of amino acids. Our model provides a promising tool for simulating and predicting outcomes in response to variations in wastewater quality in sewers.     

First determination of Cu adsorption on soil humin

Humic substances are heterogeneous mixtures of organic compounds occurring in huge amounts mainly in waters, soils, sediments and organic wastes. They are formed during the decay of living organisms. They play a very important role in many environmental processes including carbon sequestration, water cleaning and retention, soil erosion, fertility and pollutant retention. However, due to their complex nature, humic substances are still poorly characterized and much less known than living matter. Humin is the most insoluble and, in turn, the least understood fraction of humic substances. To our knowledge, no information is currently available on the adsorption and desorption behaviors of metal ions on soil humin. Here, we report the adsorption and desorption properties of Cu(II) on humin and humic acids isolated from a forest soil in northeast China using the batch equilibration method. Solid-state ¹³C cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C CPMAS NMR) spectroscopy was used to characterize and compare the chemical structures of humin and humic acid. The batch experiments’ results show that humin has a lower adsorption capacity and higher adsorption reversibility for Cu(II) than humic acid. The adsorption isotherms well fitted both the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. Humin, therefore, plays an important role in controlling the fate, transport and bioavailability of Cu(II) in the environment. The ¹³C CPMAS NMR spectra showed that compared with humic acid, humin was higher in alkyl C, carbohydrate C and phenolic C and was lower in methoxyl C, aryl C and carbonyl C. These findings mean that humin was less alkylated, more aliphatic and more hydrophobic.     

春节前后华北平原农村地区黑碳浓度及来源

在河南某农村站点利用黑碳仪（AE33）对春节前后（2018年2月12日~3月12日）黑碳气溶胶（eBC）进行在线连续监测,获得其质量浓度、昼夜变化及来源.结果表明：春节期间的eBC浓度最高,（8.22±4.17）μg/m³,该时期人为活动对eBC影响最为明显.春节前,生物质燃烧产生的eBC占其总浓度百分比最大,为（41.1±5.3）%,并随时间推移逐渐减小,降至（26.8±12.0）%.AAE（1.40±0.16）说明,该地区春节前后eBC的化石燃料排放和生物质燃烧贡献程度接近.与城市点位相比,本研究的AAE值较高.春节前后,观测地区的eBC昼夜变化存在2个明显高值时段,分别在7：00~9：00和20：00左右.春节期间的eBC昼夜变化无明显波动.根据浓度权重轨迹分析显示,春节期间eBC的潜在源区有山西、陕西、安徽和江苏等省份,其他时期集中在河南、湖北境内.本研究对于识别冬季农村燃烧源排放黑碳演化特征及其对区域重霾形成和发展的影响具有重要意义,也可为黑碳气溶胶气候、环境和健康模拟提供基础数据.     

硫铁矿酸化过程中铊向水环境的释放迁移行为

采用动态风化模拟实验方法对来自广东某Tl污染区的硫铁矿矿样进行了2a左右持续的氧化淋滤实验,研究了硫铁矿酸化趋势及毒害金属元素铊Tl从源头向环境长期释放迁移的特征,探讨了硫铁矿酸化及Tl释放迁移的机制.结果表明:含碳酸盐硫铁矿暴露后,排放液pH值随时间呈缓慢波段下降趋势,较长时期内排放液pH>5.伴随硫铁矿酸化过程,Tl具特有的释放迁移特征.硫铁矿一旦暴露Tl就开始释放,且具强的迁移性,随后伴随风化进程呈波段减弱.在pH>5的环境中,Tl释放迁移受pH值的影响不同于酸性(pH<5)环境中,pH值降低对Tl的释放迁移没有促进作用,滤液中Tl的浓度与pH值呈正相关,还原环境有助于Tl的释放迁移.     

PM2.5暴露导致老年小鼠可逆性心肌肥大

采用10月龄C57BL/6雌性小鼠作为实验模型,将小鼠分为对照和PM_(2.5)染毒组两组.将染毒组小鼠采用3 mg·kg~(-1)PM_(2.5)暴露4周后,分别在最后一次暴露后1 d、1周和2周处死小鼠.采用苏木素-伊红染色(HE)对小鼠心脏组织进行观察;采用荧光定量PCR技术检测心肌肥大相关因子ANP和β-MHC及基质金属蛋白酶MMP2和MMP9的mRNA水平;并采用Western Blot技术检测TGFβ1和MMP2的蛋白表达水平.结果发现,与对照组相比,经PM_(2.5)暴露4周后,小鼠心肌细胞核质比显著降低,心脏组织中ANP、β-MHC、MMP2和MMP9的mRNA表达水平及TGFβ1和MMP2的蛋白表达水平显著上升.停止暴露恢复1周后,小鼠心肌细胞核质比降低仍有显著差异,TGFβ1和MMP2蛋白表达水平仍显著上升,而各基因mRNA表达水平与对照组相比无显著变化.停止暴露恢复2周后,小鼠心肌细胞核质比、上述基因的mRNA和蛋白表达均无显著性差异.实验表明PM_(2.5)暴露可导致小鼠可逆性心肌肥大,提示PM_(2.5)所造成的心肌肥大损伤效应是可逆的,在暴露停止后机体可以通过自我修复等过程逐渐恢复正常.     

导致西藏生态退化的人为因子空间效应分析

运用典型相关分析、地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析等方法对导致西藏生态退化的人为因子及其空间效应进行了分析.结果表明,人口数量是西藏生态退化的主要人为因子,基建投资的生态效应则较为复杂.藏西北生态退化主要是由自然因子所致.在雅鲁藏布江、拉萨河与年楚河流域中部地区人为因子致使生态退化作用较强.藏东地区生态退化人为因子明显.藏东南地区人为扰动不大.