西太平洋台风“苏迪罗”对我国珠三角地区臭氧污染影响研究

通过资料分析和数值模拟开展了2015年8月1日—10日台风“苏迪罗”对珠三角地区臭氧（O₃）污染影响的机理研究。结果表明,2015年8月5—8日,在台风接近登陆点的过程中,台风外围天气导致了高温、高辐射和静小风等气象条件,促进了光化学反应的进行和污染物的局地积累。同时,高温、高辐射等气象条件加剧了植被源区生物源挥发性有机物（BVOCs）的排放。采用化学传输模式模拟发现,植被BVOCs对O₃污染的贡献最高可达24×10^-9。结合拉格朗日粒子扩散模式（LPDM）探索了影响珠三角地区的主导气团,发现珠三角城市地区和高BVOCs源区存在交互传输的现象。污染期间,高BVOCs源区的一次排放产物（BVOCs）和二次产物(O₃)经区域输送加剧了珠三角地区O₃的污染。此外,研究发现台风外围条件下珠三角内陆盛行的偏北风与海陆热力差异引起的海风在沿海地区辐合,造成污染物局地积累,加剧并延长了O₃污染。研究有利于加强对O₃污染机理的认识,进而更好地采取针对性措施,有助于减小O₃污染带来的危害。     

3S技术在衔接主体功能区规划与土地利用管理中的应用

主体功能区规划的基本任务是优化国土开发格局,其与国土资源部“加强国土规划、土地利用总体规划的整体控制作用”这一主要职能有着共同目标内涵,因此,理顺主体功能区规划和土地利用管理的关系,将二者有机衔接已成为促进国土合理规划与开发、提高土地利用管理水平的重要基础。研究以3S技术应用流程为主线,从主体功能区规划与土地利用管理衔接的需求、定位与内容出发,分别从数据获取与集成管理、空间评价、区划界线划分与协调以及辅助决策和智能应用等方面探讨数据库、模型库、空间分析以及空间多准则决策和元胞自动机等3S技术在二者衔接过程中的理论基础和实践应用,特别是对应用3S技术实现主体功能区宏观引导作用,发挥土地利用调控功能进行了系统分析,为促进基于主体功能区规划的土地利用与管理工作提供技术参考。     

水质自动监测系统运行过程中的质量保证和质量控制

以常州市武进水质自动监测站的工作为例,根据水质自动监测系统的技术特点,提出健全各项规章制度,培训技术人员,建立质量保证体系和自动监测系统运行的质量控制方法,以保证水质自动监测系统的正常运行。     

Urban stormwater harvesting and reuse: a probe into the chemical, toxicology and microbiological contaminants in water quality

Stormwater is one of the last major untapped urban water resources that can be exploited as an alternative water source in Australia. The information in the current Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling relating to stormwater harvesting and reuse only emphasises on a limited number of stormwater quality parameters. In order to supply stormwater as a source for higher value end-uses, a more comprehensive assessment on the potential public health risks has to be undertaken. Owing to the stochastic variations in rainfall, catchment hydrology and also the types of non-point pollution sources that can provide contaminants relating to different anthropogenic activities and catchment land uses, the characterisation of public health risks in stormwater is complex, tedious and not always possible through the conventional detection and analytical methods. In this study, a holistic approach was undertaken to assess the potential public health risks in urban stormwater samples from a medium-density residential catchment. A combined chemical–toxicological assessment was used to characterise the potential health risks arising from chemical contaminants, while a combination of standard culture methods and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) methods was used for detection and quantification of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and pathogens in urban stormwater. Results showed that the concentration of chemical contaminants and associated toxicity were relatively low when benchmarked against other alternative water sources such as recycled wastewater. However, the concentrations of heavy metals particularly cadmium and lead have exceeded the Australian guideline values, indicating potential public health risks. Also, high numbers of FIB were detected in urban stormwater samples obtained from wet weather events. In addition, qPCR detection of human-related pathogens suggested there are frequent sewage ingressions into the urban stormwater runoff during wet weather events. Further water quality monitoring study will be conducted at different contrasting urban catchments in order to undertake a more comprehensive public health risk assessment for urban stormwater.     

Multistep, microvolume resin fractionation combined with 3D fluorescence spectroscopy for improved DOM characterization and water quality monitoring

Conventionally, resin fractionation (RF) method has been widely used to characterize dissolved organic matter (DOM) found in different source waters based on general and broad DOM fractions grouping. In this study, a new refined method using multistep, microvolume resin fractionation combined with excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (MSM-RF-EEMS) was developed for further isolation and characterization of subfractions within the primary DOM fractions separated from using the conventional RF method. Subsequently, its feasibility in indicating the occurrence of urban pollution in source waters was also assessed. Results from using the new MSM-RF-EEMS method strongly illustrated that several organic subfractions still exist within the regarded primary pure hydrophobic acid (HoA) fraction including the humic- and fulvic-like organic matters, tryptophan- and tyrosine-like proteins. It was found that by using the MSM-RF-EEMS method, the organic subfractions present within the primary DOM fraction could be easily identified and characterized. Further validation on the HoA fraction using the MSM-RF-EEMS method revealed that the constant association of EEM peak T1 (tryptophan) fraction could specifically be used to indicate the occurrence of urban pollution in source water. The correlation analysis on the presence of EEM peak T2 (tyrosine) fraction could be used as a supplementary proof to further verify the presence of urban pollution in source waters. These findings on using the presence of EEM peaks T1 and T2 within the primary HoA fraction would be significant and useful for developing a sensory device for online water quality monitoring.     

ICP-MS法测定环境水样中总磷

建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测试环境水样中总磷的方法,探讨该方法与传统的光度法在监测结果之间的差异性。结果表明,该方法的检测限可达6×10-4mg/L,加标回收率在92%~103%之间。氦气碰撞模式可有效解决复杂水样消解后的基体干扰问题,实现对总磷的测定。     

微波再生铁炭内电解法处理活性嫩黄染料废水的研究

采用微波再生铁炭内电解法对活性嫩黄染料废水进行处理,探讨了微波再生功率,再生时间,再生次数等条件对废水处理的影响和活性炭再生机理。结果表明,微波对再生铁炭效果良好,经过微波再生后的铁炭基本恢复了未使用时的内电解能力,当微波再生条件为功率450 W,辐照时间8 min,铁炭再生1次,内电解后废水的脱色率达到56.59%。     

被误用的科学

<正>亚历山大·利特维年科在接到一个意大利朋友马里奥·斯卡拉梅拉的电子邮件后,就与他在伦敦皮卡迪利广场见了面。他们去了一家日本料理店,利特维年科点了餐,但是马利奥什么也没有吃。会面结束后的晚上,利特维年科开始呕吐,3天后被送往巴特医院。一个月后,这位从     

人工湿地耦合微生物燃料电池净化水质研究

构建以狐尾草、狐尾草+香蒲、狐尾草+香蒲+芦苇为湿地植物的人工湿地(CW)耦合微生物燃料电池(MFC-CW)系统,对比分析CW和MFC-CW系统对受污染水体中COD、氨氮和TP的去除效果。结果表明:(1)MFC-CW系统对底部出水中污染物处理效果均优于CW;(2)高水位MFC-CW系统产生95～210mV电压,低水位最大功率密度557.2mW/m2,能有效回收污水中资源,进而产生清洁的能源——电能;(3)微生物产电对污水中有机物的去除有正向促进作用。