川西高原甘孜黄土-古土壤容重的特征及其古环境意义

川西高原一带黄土沉积广泛分布,研究该地区黄土-古土壤序列的容重对于理解黄土沉积过程,探讨青藏高原东部地区的环境演化具有重要意义。论文详细分析了甘孜地区末次间冰期以来的典型黄土-古土壤序列的容重变化,结果表明该区土壤容重在1.63—2.53 g?cm~(-3)变化,黄土地层中容重较大,平均为2.01 g?cm~(-3);古土壤地层中容重较小,平均为1.94 g?cm~(-3)。土壤容重与磁化率、粒度2μm组分具有很好的负相关关系,而与平均粒径、粒度63μm组分呈明显正相关,可能表明了土壤化过程和沉积过程对土壤容重的影响;进一步的环境指标相关分析表明甘孜黄土-古土壤容重可以作为西风和高原冬季风变化的替代性指标。详细研究该区黄土的容重变化将有助于深入理解区域环流的演化过程和高原内部的干旱化历史。     

基于百分位数法的中国空气质量改善效果评估分析

为更好地说清楚《大气污染防治行动计划》实施以来,我国环境空气质量状况、变化趋势及存在可能的风险,基于百分位数法和算术平均值法,分别对全国及重点区域空气质量改善效果开展评估分析.结果表明,我国目前业务上广泛应用的算术平均值法对空气质量评价与管理起到了积极推动作用,促进了空气质量持续改善.随着治污减排措施的持续推进,区域空气质量改善进程呈现显著的时空差异特征,现行评价技术方法局限性逐渐凸显出来.百分位数法可以在算术平均值法的基础上,补充评价时段内高、低浓度的分布规律和变化特征,有助于全面、客观、准确描述空气质量状况.本文提出的研究方法,对于完善我国空气质量评价方法具有重要意义.     

全国空气资源评估及其与空气质量相关性分析

利用WRF耦合CALMET模式对大气环境系统进行解析,计算全国范围36 km×36 km分辨率通风扩散系数分布,作为空气资源禀赋评估的依据.评估结果表明,全国区域空气资源禀赋整体呈现东低西高,南低北高,内陆闭塞区低,沿海平原地区高的分布趋势.同时,存在三大空气资源禀赋优质区,一是位于河北与山西交界处的太行山脉和东北三省的长白山区域,二是位于西北部青海、新疆和西藏三省交界的昆仑山脉和唐古拉山脉区域,三是位于山东半岛、长三角和珠三角区域的沿海蓝色经济带区域.在此基础上,采用CALPUFF模型,结合观测数据,选取重点城市定量测算空气资源禀赋空间分布的差异性对城市空气质量的影响.以北京为参照,空气资源禀赋对成都、上海、青岛、郑州、广州等各城市群空气质量改善的相对影响程度分别为0.2%、13.2%、25.9%、29.1%和39.4%.     

水坝建设影响下澜沧江中游沉积物重金属形态分析及污染指数研究

采集了漫湾库区和大朝山库区25个采样断面的沉积物样品.每个库区均从上游到下游分为河流区、过渡区和湖泊区,研究了沉积物中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn元素的含量和赋存形态差异,利用次生相与原生相分布比值法(RSP)分析重金属元素的污染水平.结果表明,各库区从上游到下游沉积物中的重金属元素和碳氮元素均呈现出增加的趋势,而沉积物的中值粒径呈现出减小的趋势.漫湾库区的As、Cd、Zn元素平均含量均高于大朝山库区;大朝山库区的Cr、Mn、Ni、Pb元素平均含量均高于漫湾库区.在重金属赋存形态中,Cd和Mn元素以可交换态和残渣态为主;Cu、Pb以有机质态和残渣态为主;其余重金属元素均以残渣态为主.沉积物中的可交换态在有机碳的络合作用下转化成有机质态.在水坝建设的影响下沉积物中细颗粒和有机质含量明显上升,重金属在细颗粒物和有机质的共同作用下蓄积于坝前的沉积物中.PSR分析结果表明,在水坝运行影响下,各库区湖泊区和过渡区的污染水平均高于河流区.其中,Cd元素所有地区处于重度污染水平;Mn和Pb大部分区域处于中度污染水平;Cu元素大部分区域处于轻度污染水平;其余元素基本无污染.     

Effect of copper tolerant Elsholtzia splendens on bacterial community associated with Commelina communis on a copper mine spoil

Facilitation, or positive plant–plant interaction, has received increasing concern from ecologists over the last two decades. Facilitation may occur through direct mitigation of severe environments or indirect mediation by a third participant from the same or different trophic levels. The copper(Cu) tolerant species Elsholtzia splendens facilitates the establishment and growth of co-occurring Commelina communis through indirect enrichment of microbial activity. However, whether and how E. splendens impacts the microbial community that is associated with C. communis is less known. We characterized the soil bacterial community in the rhizosphere of C. communis in the absence and presence of E.splendens using PCR-DGGE(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) and sequencing. The result showed that the richness of the bacterial community increased, but diversity and evenness remained similar, in the presence of E. splendens.Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria were the most dominant bacteria. The relative abundance of dominant and minor bacterial groups showed distinctly different responses to E. splendens. Principal component analysis and redundancy analysis indicated that variation of the bacterial community was determined by multiple factors and might be driven by the tested soil parameters collectively, or alternatively changed through plant root exudates or other microorganisms. Our results enhance the understanding of how the bacterial community associated with a beneficiary plant responds to a benefactor plant and suggests that the changes of bacterial community composition may have far-reaching influence on plant–soil feedback and the aboveground plant community in the long run.     

空气资源评估方法及其在城市环境总体规划中的应用

从空气污染气候学的角度,提出了空气资源禀赋的概念、评估方法、等级划分及分区管控的理念.同时,以宜昌城市环境总体规划为例,利用MM5耦合CALMET模式对大气环境系统进行解析,计算了宜昌市域范围高时空分辨率(1 km×1 km)通风系数A值分布,并作为空气资源禀赋等级分区的依据.在此基础上,将空气资源分区的结果与地理信息系统相结合,给出其空间分布,强化了分区管控政策的空间落地.评估结果表明,宜昌地区空气资源禀赋等级共分为4级,A值在8以上的空气资源禀赋充裕的地区,约占市域面积的30.3%;较好和一般的地区,A值分别在5~8和3~5之间,约占34.1%和34.8%;A值在1~3之间空气资源禀赋稀少的地区,仅占0.8%.本研究提出的空气资源禀赋分区方法具有较强的合理性,预期在城市中长期发展过程中的产业布局与分级调控中具有较好的应用前景.     

Nature of distribution of mercury in the sediments of the river Yamuna (tributary of the Ganges), India

Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), surface (bed sediments) and short length cores of sediments collected from the largest tributary of the river Ganges, namely the river Yamuna, were analysed for total mercury as well as its fractionation in various size and chemical sites in the sediments following standard procedures. Also, attempts were made to determine the vertical distribution in sediments in relation to the recent timescale of a few decades. Our observations indicate that the SPM in general showed higher levels of total mercury compared to the surface sediments while at places the enhancement could be by a factor of 10, say around 25 microg g(-1) in the downstream region that integrates the industrial midstream and agricultural downstream terrain near its confluence with the Ganges. Surface sediments in the upstream direction near the Himalayan foothills and SPM in the lower reaches showed significant high Index of Geoaccumulation (Igeo) as defined by Müller. Size fractionation studies indicate that the finer fraction preferentially showed higher levels of mercury while in the lower reaches of the river, the total mercury is equitably distributed among all size fractions. The proportion of the residual fraction of mercury in relation to mobile fractions, in general decreases downstream towards its confluence with the Ganges river. In sediment cores, the vertical distribution show systematic peaks of mercury indicating that addition of this toxic metal to the aquatic system is in direct proportion to the increase in various types of human activities such as thermal power plants, land use changes (urbanisation) in the midstream region and intensive fertiliser application in lower reaches of this vast river basin.     

CDM项目中的技术转让：问题与政策建议

清洁发展机制(CDM)是<联合国气候变化框架公约>(以下简称<公约>)之<京都议定书>(以下简称<议定书>)所规定的三种灵活机制之一,也是唯一一种发达国家和发展中国家可以共同实施的碳减排交易机制.CDM有两个目的:一是帮助发达国家缔约方实现其量化的温室气体减排承诺:二是帮助发展中国家缔约方实现可持续发展,并实现<公约>的最终目的.     

Soil contamination with 90Sr in the near zone of the Chernobyl accident

Representative large-scale soil sampling on a regular grid of step width about 1 km was carried out for the first time in the near zone of the Chernobyl accident (radius 36 km). An integrated map of terrestrial 90Sr contamination density in the 30 km exclusion zone (scale 1:200,000) has been created from the analysed samples. Maps of the main agrochemical characteristics of the soils, which determine the fuel particle dissolution rates and the contamination of vegetation, were produced. The total contents of 90Sr on the ground surface of the 30 km zone in Ukraine (without the reactor site and the radioactive waste storages) was about 810 TBq (8.1 x 10(+14) Bq) in 1997, which corresponds to 0.4-0.5% of the Chernobyl reactor inventory at the time of the accident. This assessment is 3-4 times lower than previous estimates.     

Characteristics of size distributions and sources of water-soluble ions in Lhasa during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons

To understand the physical and chemical characteristics, particle size distribution and sources of size-separated aerosols in Lhasa, which is located on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), six sizes of aerosol samples were collected in Lhasa in 2014. Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺, NO₃^?, SO₄^2?and Cl^? were the dominant ions. The ratio of cation equivalents (CE) to anion equivalents (AE) for each particle size segment indicated that the atmospheric aerosols in Lhasa were alkaline. SO₄^2? and NO3^? could be neutralized by Ca²⁺, but could not be neutralized by NH₄⁺, according to the [NH₄⁺]/[NO₃^??+?SO₄^2?] and [Ca²⁺]/[NO₃^??+?SO₄^2?] ratios. Mobile sources were dominant in PM_0.95–1.5, PM_1.5–3 and PM_3–7.2, while stationary sources were dominant in the other three size fractions according to the [NO₃^?]/[SO₄^2?] ratios. The particle size distribution of all water-soluble ions during monsoon and non-monsoon periods was characterized by a bimodal distribution due to the different sources and formation mechanisms, and it was revealed that different ions had different sources in different seasons and different particle size segments by combining particle size distribution with correlation analysis. Source analysis of aerosols in Lhasa was performed using the Principal component analysis (PCA) for the first time, which revealed that combustion sources, motor vehicle exhaust, photochemical reaction sources and various types of dust were the main sources of Lhasa aerosols. Furthermore, Lhasa''s air quality was also affected by long-distance transmission, expressed as pollutants from South Asiaand West Asia, which were transmitted to Lhasa according to backward trajectory analysis.