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11.
北京市园林植物吸附PM_(10)与SO_2总量及其健康效益 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
PM10和SO2是目前城市主要的大气污染物,严重危害居民健康。城市园林植物通过叶片和枝干表面能有效吸附大气污染物。采用大气污染物干沉降通量模型和暴露-反应关系模型定量评估了2003年北京市园林植物吸附PM10与SO2总量及其健康效益。北京市园林植物2003年吸附PM1030,415,563~38,019,454kg和SO23,057,173~3,821,466kg,导致减少死亡312~390人,呼吸系统入院286~357.5人,折合经济价值约为280,265,180~350,331,475元,约占国民生产总值的0.7‰~1.0‰。 相似文献
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Applied tracer tests provide a means to estimate aquifer parameters in fractured rock. The traditional approach to analysing these tests has been using a single fracture model to find the parameter values that generate the best fit to the measured breakthrough curve. In many cases, the ultimate aim is to predict solute transport under the natural gradient. Usually, no confidence limits are placed on parameter values and the impact of parameter errors on predictions of solute transport is not discussed. The assumption inherent in this approach is that the parameters determined under forced conditions will enable prediction of solute transport under the natural gradient. This paper considers the parameter and prediction uncertainty that might arise from analysis of breakthrough curves obtained from forced gradient applied tracer tests. By adding noise to an exact solution for transport in a single fracture in a porous matrix we create multiple realisations of an initial breakthrough curve. A least squares fitting routine is used to obtain a fit to each realisation, yielding a range of parameter values rather than a single set of absolute values. The suite of parameters is then used to make predictions of solute transport under lower hydraulic gradients and the uncertainty of estimated parameters and subsequent predictions of solute transport is compared. The results of this study show that predictions of breakthrough curve characteristics (first inflection point time, peak arrival time and peak concentration) for groundwater flow speeds with orders of magnitude smaller than that at which a test is conducted can sometimes be determined even more accurately than the fracture and matrix parameters. 相似文献
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Risk homeostasis theory (RHT) suggests that changes made to the intrinsic risk of environments are negated in one of three ways: behavioural adjustments within the environment, mode migration, and avoidance of the physical risk. To date, this three-way model of RHT has little empirical support, whilst research findings on RHT have at times been diametrically opposed. A reconciliation of apparently opposing findings might be possible by suggesting that extrinsic compensation fails to restore previously existing levels of actual risk in cases where behavioural adjustments within the environment are incapable of negating intrinsic risk changes. This paper reports a study in which behavioural adjustments within the physical risk-taking environment are capable of reconciling target with actual risk. The results provide positive support for RHT in the form of overcompensation for the intrinsic risk change on specific driver behaviours. 相似文献
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This study examined the effect of leader-member exchange (LMX) on the relationship between employee performance (measured objectively) and the supervisor's rating of that performance. To date, no field study has tested whether high and low LMX members receive differential ratings based on their LMX relationship, beyond their actual performance. Data were collected from employees (directory assistants, cable technicians, and dispatch clerks) and their supervisors in a telephone company. The objective measures of performance which were available for these jobs were related to supervisory ratings of performance for high and low LMX employees. The results showed that poorly performing high LMX employees were given high performance ratings, regardless of their actual performance. The ratings of low LMX employees were consistent with their actual performance. The effect of LMX was more pronounced with more general task and relationship rating categories. Alternative explanations of the results, as well as the theoretical and practical implications for performance appraisal and LMX research, were discussed. 相似文献
15.
Brankov E Henry RF Civerolo KL Hao W Rao ST Misra PK Bloxam R Reid N 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2003,123(3):403-411
We investigated the effects of transboundary pollution between Ontario and New York using both observations and modeling results. Analysis of the spatial scales associated with ozone pollution revealed the regional and international character of this pollutant. A back-trajectory-clustering methodology was used to evaluate the potential for transboundary pollution trading and to identify potential pollution source regions for two sites: CN tower in Toronto and the World Trade Center in New York City. Transboundary pollution transport was evident at both locations. The major pollution source areas for the period examined were the Ohio River Valley and Midwest. Finally, we examined the transboundary impact of emission reductions through photochemical models. We found that emissions from both New York and Ontario were transported across the border and that reductions in predicted O3 levels can be substantial when emissions on both sides of the border are reduced. 相似文献
16.
本文在对当前爆炸性气体环境的危险区域划分存在的主要问题及其原因分析的基础上,探讨了通过建立爆炸性气体环境危险区域计算机辅助划分平台,提高危险区域划分的可操作性,从而实现爆炸性气体环境危险区域划分方法的改善.探讨了通过运用数值计算方法,基于fluent对爆炸性气体扩散进行研究,对非对称分布场所的危险区域划分提供划分辅助. 相似文献
17.
Tim P. Lynch Robert Harcourt Graham Edgar Neville Barrett 《Environmental management》2013,52(6):1341-1354
Between 2001 and 2009, 26 marine-protected areas (MPA) were established on the east Australian seaboard, at least in part, to manage human interactions with a critically endangered population of grey nurse shark, Carcharias taurus. This network is spread across six MPA systems and includes all 19 sites outlined in the National Recovery Plan for C. taurus, though five sites remain open to some forms of fishing. The reserve network has complex cross-jurisdictional management, as the sharks occur in waters controlled by the Australian states of New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland, as well as by the Commonwealth (Federal) government. Jurisdiction is further complicated by fisheries and conservation departments both engaging in management activities within each state. This has resulted in protected area types that include IUCN category II equivalent zones in NSW, Queensland, and Commonwealth marine parks that either overlay or complement another large scaled network of protected sites called critical habitats. Across the network, seven and eight rule permutations for diving and fishing, respectively, are applied to this population of sharks. Besides sites identified by the recovery plan, additional sites have been protected as part of the general development of MPA networks. A case study at one of these sites, which historically was known to be occupied by C. taurus but had been abandoned, appears to shows re-establishment of an aggregation of juvenile and sub-adult sharks. Concurrent with the re-establishment of the aggregation, a local dive operator increased seasonal dive visitation rates at the site fourfold. As a precautionary measure, protection of abandoned sites, which includes nursery and gestating female habitats are options that may assist recovery of the east coast population of C. taurus. 相似文献
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为了阐明交通对青藏高原敏感脆弱生态系统和主要生态安全屏障功能的影响,在G214、 G213、 G345、 G109、 G316和G317等国道部分路段,采集路边0~25 m范围内土壤样品,分析6种土壤重金属含量及分布特征,运用单因子污染指数法(Pi)、内梅罗综合指数法(PN)及潜在生态风险指数法(RI)对路侧土壤重金属的污染程度及潜在生态风险进行综合评价.结果表明,青藏高原重要交通国道路侧土壤重金属ω(As)、 ω(Cd)、 ω(Hg)、 ω(Ni)、 ω(Pb)和ω(Zn)分别介于5.65~176.00、 0.04~0.27、 0.01~0.14、 9.52~113.00、 9.16~54.50和24.70~109.00 mg·kg-1,呈高度变异,部分采样路段存在As、 Cd和Hg元素高于当地土壤背景值.路侧土壤重金属单因子污染指数大小为:Pi (As) > Pi (Hg) > Pi(Cd) > Pi (Pb) > Pi (Ni) > Pi (Zn),内梅罗综合污染指数在0.41~9.20,平均值为1.53,属于清洁或轻度污染,局部处于中度或重度污染.研究路段综合潜在生态风险指数平均值为106.2,土壤总体处于无污染和轻度污染,仅有两个路段的土壤重金属富集达到中等及强度生态危害,其G213a土壤综合潜在风险指数显示为中度至重度生态危害,主要受到Hg、 As和Cd的影响,G317土壤综合潜在风险指数显示为轻度至中度生态危害,主要受到Hg和Cd的影响.青藏高原路侧土壤重金属含量与路侧距离及土壤深度没有显著相关性,与年均气温呈显著正相关(P < 0.05).青藏高原道路建设人为活动剧烈、交通流量较大的区域有土壤重金属富集趋势. 相似文献