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31.
Veni Pillay Sreekanth B. Jonnalagadda 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4):423-428
The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g? 1 dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g? 1 and 150 μ g g? 1 dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g? 1 dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g? 1) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g? 1), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g? 1 of iron and 165 μ g g? 1 of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g? 1), Zn (50 μ g g? 1) and Cu (3.6 μ g g? 1). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g? 1) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables. 相似文献
32.
Taha R al-Alawi D al-Nabhani M Pillay AE al-Hamdi A 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2001,3(4):421-424
The impact on the environment of using paint-contaminated grit (PCG) as a partial or full replacement for sand in Portland cement mortar and asphalt concrete mixtures was investigated. The grit waste material originated from abrasive blasting of offshore steel structures. There is a major environmental concern regarding the safe disposal of the spent blasting abrasives that contain paint chips or paint particles and other debris removed from the surface of the steel structures. This work investigated the potential reuse of PCG in Portland cement concrete (PCC) and hot mix asphalt concrete. Several studies were conducted to establish the integrity of the materials containing the recycled grit. These included the chemical and physical characterization of natural sand and PCG, the assay of leaches associated with the grit material for hazardous metal contaminants, such as Cr, Cd and Pb, and the assessment of the mechanical properties of the PCG-substituted mortars by applying special tests (such as Marshall stability and determination of the flow properties) to the PCG-substituted asphalt concrete mixtures. The overall results demonstrated that the potential reuse of PCG in PCC and asphalt concrete mixtures would not pose any environmental threat and could produce several benefits, such as reduced disposal costs, protection of water sources from improper disposal practices and reduced costs in the production of natural aggregates and asphalt cement. 相似文献
33.
Pillay AE Williams JR El Mardi MO Al-Lawati SM Al-Hadabbi MH Al-Hamdi A 《Environment international》2003,29(5):541-545
Appreciable levels of total chromium (Cr) and arsenic (As) were found (by emission spectroscopy) in date palm leaves, which form a significant ingredient in livestock feed. The levels in the fruit were considered safe for human consumption. Our work involved evaluation of the distribution of these elements in the leaves during the developmental stages of the fruiting season. Thirty-six leaf specimens of the Fard cultivar were collected 9, 15 and 20 weeks, respectively, after pollination and subjected to a standard digestion procedure. Sample masses of typically 1 g (dry weight) were prepared in 25 ml dilute acid solution and investigated for trace levels of Cr and As by ICP-AES. Eleven soil samples collected at random during the growth stages were subjected to a similar digestion procedure and analysis. According to the literature, the permissible mean levels of Cr and As in plants are 200 and 80 ng/g (dry weight), respectively. We used these values as our guideline to assess the "risk" levels in our samples of interest. In the case of Cr, about 45% of the specimens possessed levels between 250 and 700 ng/g, while a significant number produced levels between 1000 and 5000 ng/g. With regard to As, about 70% of the samples were above the documented permissible mean value. As a result of the unusually high Cr concentrations in some cases, the feasibility of Cr "accumulation" in the leaves was examined. Insects and other organisms subsist on the leaves and an added concern was the accumulation of these elements in the food chain. The study formed an interesting contribution to environmental research, and the impact of our assessment on the environment is discussed. 相似文献
34.
35.
Neville Millar G. Philip Robertson Peter R. Grace Ron J. Gehl John P. Hoben 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(2):185-204
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a major greenhouse gas (GHG) product of intensive agriculture. Fertilizer nitrogen (N) rate is the best single predictor
of N2O emissions in row-crop agriculture in the US Midwest. We use this relationship to propose a transparent, scientifically robust
protocol that can be utilized by developers of agricultural offset projects for generating fungible GHG emission reduction
credits for the emerging US carbon cap and trade market. By coupling predicted N2O flux with the recently developed maximum return to N (MRTN) approach for determining economically profitable N input rates
for optimized crop yield, we provide the basis for incentivizing N2O reductions without affecting yields. The protocol, if widely adopted, could reduce N2O from fertilized row-crop agriculture by more than 50%. Although other management and environmental factors can influence
N2O emissions, fertilizer N rate can be viewed as a single unambiguous proxy—a transparent, tangible, and readily manageable
commodity. Our protocol addresses baseline establishment, additionality, permanence, variability, and leakage, and provides
for producers and other stakeholders the economic and environmental incentives necessary for adoption of agricultural N2O reduction offset projects. 相似文献
36.
Impacts of heavy metals on 1,2-dichloroethane biodegradation in
co-contaminated soil 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
1,2-Dichloroethane (DCA), a potential mutagen and carcinogen, is commonly introduced into the environment through its industrial and agricultural use. In this study, the impact of lead and mercury on DCA degradation in soil was investigated, owing to the complex co-contamination problem frequently encountered in most sites. 1,2-Dichloroethane was degraded readily in both contaminated loam and clay soils with the degradation rate constants ranging between 0.370-0.536 week1 and 0.309-0.417 week1, respectively... 相似文献
37.
Urbanisation critically threatens biodiversity because of habitat destruction and novel selection pressures. Some animals can respond to these challenges by modifying their behaviour, particularly anti-predator behaviour, allowing them to persist in heavily transformed urban areas. We investigated whether the anti-predator behaviour of the Cape ground squirrel Xerus inauris differed in three localities that differed in their level of urbanisation. According to the habituation hypothesis, we predicted that ground squirrels in urban areas would: (a) be less vigilant and forage more; (b) trade-off flight/vigilance in favour of foraging; and (c) have shorter flight initiation distances (FID) when approached by a human observer. Observations were made in winter and summer at each locality. As expected, ground squirrels in urbanised areas were less vigilant and had shorter FIDs but did not trade-off between foraging and vigilance. In contrast, a population in a non-urbanised locality showed greater levels of vigilance, FID and traded-off vigilance and foraging. A population in a peri-urban locality showed mixed responses. Our results indicate that Cape ground squirrels reduce their anti-predator behaviour in urban areas and demonstrate a flexible behavioural response to urbanisation. 相似文献
38.
Paul M. Salmon Michael G. Lenné Neville A. Stanton Daniel P. Jenkins Guy H. Walker 《Safety Science》2010,48(10):1225-1235
Despite the provision of various theoretical models and error management methods, error and error-causing conditions remain omnipresent within road transport. This article presents a review of human error models and selected error management approaches, and their applications in a road transport context. The review indicates that such applications, although extant, are limited, and that, compared to other domains, the impact of the models and methods discussed has been only minimal. Reasons for this are discussed, and potential ways in which the models and methods can contribute to road safety are proposed. In conclusion, it is argued that human error models and management methods, although already well integrated within most safety critical domains, still have much to offer to the enhancement of road safety. Further, it is argued that advances in the area, in terms of theoretical and methodological development and validation, are still to be made, and that applications of the error management methods discussed are required to enable such advances. 相似文献
39.
Kiyoung Lee Wonho Yang Neville D. Bofinger 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):1739-1744
ABSTRACT Indoor and outdoor NO2 concentrations were measured and compared with simultaneously measured personal exposures of 57 office workers in Brisbane, Australia. House characteristics and activity patterns were used to determine the impacts of these factors on personal exposure. Indoor NO2 levels and the presence of a gas range in the home were significantly associated with personal exposure. The time-weighted average of personal exposure was estimated using NO2 measurements in indoor home, indoor workplace, and outdoor home levels. The estimated personal exposures were closely correlated, but they significantly underestimated the measured personal exposures. Multiple regression analysis using other nonmeasured microenvironments indicated the importance of transportation in personal exposure models. The contribution of transportation to the error of prediction of personal exposure was confirmed in the regression analysis using the multinational study database. 相似文献
40.
A new approach to vapor phase elemental mercury capture has been explored; this approach exploits an ionic liquid coating
layer to oxidize elemental mercury for subsequent immobilization by chelating ligands. The room temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-1-methyl
pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide (P14) was selected for study based on its oxidation potential window, thermal stability, and low vapor pressure. Tests were also
completed in which KMnO4 was added to P14 to form a new ionic liquid, P14–KMnO4, with a higher oxidation potential. In room-temperature bulk liquid phase capture experiments, 59% of the elemental mercury
in the inlet gas was captured using P14 alone; mercury capture using P14–KMnO4 was quantitative. P14 and P14–KMnO4 coatings were successfully applied to mesoporous silica substrates and to silica substrates functionalized with mercury chelating
ligands. The coating layers were found to be thermally stable up to 300°C. Fixed-bed tests of nonfunctionalized silica coated
with P14 showed an elemental mercury uptake of 2.7 mg/g adsorbent at 160°C; at the same temperature, functionalized silica coated
with P14–KMnO4 showed an elemental mercury capacity of at least 7.2 mg/g adsorbent, several times higher than that of activated carbon.
The empty bed gas residence time in these tests was 0.04 s. A chelating adsorbent incorporating P14 in the coating layer, may be capable of simultaneous removal of elemental and oxidized mercury from coal combustion flue
gases. 相似文献