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31.
Nicholas A. Martin Edward J. Leming Malcolm H. Henderson Robert P. Lipscombe John K. Black Scott D. Jarvis 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(28):3378-3385
There is a requirement to verify the performance of sorbent-based passive or active samplers and to extend their use, where possible, to monitor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are known to be photochemical ozone pre-cursors or are relevant to the activities of the petrochemical industry. We report measurements of the 14-day diffusive uptake rates for the VOCs: i-butane (2-methyl propane), n-butane, i-pentane (2-methyl butane), n-pentane, n-hexane, benzene, toluene, and m-xylene (at environmental level concentrations) for industry standard axial samplers (Perkin–Elmer-type samplers) containing the sorbents Carbopack-X, -Z, -B or Tenax-TA. We also present data on back-diffusion, blank levels, and storage for the above sorbents, and describe the simultaneous use of the sorbent Carbopack-X for pumped sampling of certain VOCs. The results were obtained by dosing samplers in a controlled atmosphere test facility (CATFAC) operating under well-defined conditions of concentration, nominal temperature of 20 °C, wind speed of 0.5 m s?1, and relative humidities of 0% and 80%. Field measurements were also obtained to provide supplementary data to support the laboratory study. Results are compared to existing published data, where these are available. 相似文献
32.
Stewardship among lifestyle oriented rural landowners 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nicholas Gill Peter Klepeis Laurie Chisholm 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2010,53(3):317-334
Changes in landownership associated with amenity migration are affecting the demographic, cadastral and ecological conditions of rural landscapes. These changes and concerns about their impacts on natural resource management, including ecological conservation, relate to both the structural consequences of landownership change, land subdivision and to the motivations, management ability and attitudes of lifestyle oriented rural landowners. Based on an Australian case study near Sydney, NSW, this paper examines the motivations and practices of such landowners, assesses potential consequences for vegetation and characterises the landowners according to three stewardship types. 相似文献
33.
Nicholas A. Azzolina Edward F. Neuhauser John T. Finn Todd R. Crawford Krista A. Anders Melissa A. Doroski 《Environmental Forensics》2014,15(3):225-233
This study characterized organic compounds found in New York State manufactured gas plant (MGP) coal tar vapors using controlled laboratory experiments from four separate MGP sites. In addition, a limited number of deep (0.3–1.2 m above coal tar) and shallow (1.2–2.4 m above coal tar) soil vapor samples were collected above the in situ coal tar source at three of these sites. A total of 29 compounds were consistently detected in the laboratory-generated coal tar vapors at 50°C, whereas 24 compounds were detected at 10°C. The compounds detected in the field sample results were inconsistent with the compounds found in the laboratory-generated samples. Concentrations of compounds in the shallow soil vapor sample were either non-detectable or substantially lower than those found in deeper samples, suggesting attenuation in the vadose zone. Laboratory-generated data at 50°C compared the (% non-aromatic)/(% aromatic) ratio and indicated that this ratio may provide good discrimination between coal tar vapor and common petroleum distillates. 相似文献
34.
Robert J. Tidona Ahtisham A. Nizami Nicholas P. Cernansky 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):806-811
Experiments were carried out to determine the relative chemiluminescence quenching efficiencies as a function of third body concentration for each of the common combustion products, H2O, CO2, CO, H2, O2 and Ar. These results are compared with those of other investigators. The effect of reaction chamber pressure on analyzer response and the development of an analyzer design which incorporates an adjustable sample capillary inlet capable of maintaining a constant molar flow rate of sample gas to the reaction chamber are discussed. The effect of carbon monoxide interference on chemiluminescent NOx measurement has been isolated and found to be significant. A means of correcting NO, measurements for these CO interference effects is described. Quantification of NO and NO2 absorption in liquid water in NOx sampling systems has been made. Recommendations for sample system designs to handle the presence of water in the sample gas are made. 相似文献
35.
Gurumurthy Ramachandran John L. Adgate Nicholas Hill Ken Sexton Gregory C. Pratt Donald Bock 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):1157-1166
ABSTRACT Measurements of 15-min average PM2.5 concentrations were made with a real-time light-scattering instrument at both outdoor (central monitoring sites in three communities) and indoor (residential) locations over two seasons in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. These data are used to examine within-day variability of PM2.5 concentrations indoors and outdoors, as well as matched indoor-to-outdoor (I/O) ratios. Concurrent gravimetric measurements of 24-hr average PM2.5 concentrations were also obtained as a way to compare real-time measures with this more traditional metric. Results indicate that (1) within-day variability for both indoor and outdoor 15-min average PM2.5 concentrations was substantial and comparable in magnitude to day-to-day variability for 24hr average concentrations; (2) some residences exhibited substantial variability in indoor aerosol characteristics from one day to the next; (3) peak values for indoor short-term (15-min) average PM2.5 concentrations routinely exceeded 24-hr average outdoor values by factors of 3-4; and (4) relatively strong correlations existed between indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations for both 24-hr and 15-min averages. 相似文献
36.
Moreno-Jiménez E Beesley L Lepp NW Dickinson NM Hartley W Clemente R 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(10):3078-3085
Monitoring soil pollution is a key aspect in sustainable management of contaminated land but there is often debate over what should be monitored to assess ecological risk. Soil pore water, containing the most labile pollutant fraction in soils, can be easily collected in situ offering a routine way to monitor this risk. We present a compilation of data on concentration of trace elements (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in soil pore water collected in field conditions from a range of polluted and non-polluted soils in Spain and the UK during single and repeated monitoring, and propose a simple eco-toxicity test using this media. Sufficient pore water could be extracted for analysis both under semi-arid and temperate conditions, and eco-toxicity comparisons could be effectively made between polluted and non-polluted soils. We propose that in-situ pore water extraction could enhance the realism of risk assessment at some contaminated sites. 相似文献
37.
Pérez-de-Mora A Madejón P Burgos P Cabrera F Lepp NW Madejón E 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(10):3018-3027
We investigated the efficiency of various by-products (sugarbeet lime, biosolid compost and leonardite), based on single or repeated applications to field plots, on the establishment of a vegetation cover compatible with a stabilization strategy on a multi-element (As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) contaminated soil 4-6 years after initial amendment applications. Results indicate that the need for re-treatment is amendment- and element-dependent; in some cases, a single application may reduce trace element concentrations in above-ground biomass and enhance the establishment of a healthy vegetation cover. Amendment performance as evaluated by % cover, biomass and number of colonizing taxa differs; however, changes in plant community composition are not necessarily amendment-specific. Although the translocation of trace elements to the plant biotic compartment is greater in re-vegetated areas, overall loss of trace elements due to soil erosion and plant uptake is usually smaller compared to that in bare soil. 相似文献
38.
Santanu Mukherjee Nicholas Schuppert Alex Bates 《International Journal of Green Energy》2017,14(7):656-664
A facile, scalable, and solution-based technique is used to fabricate Al and Ni-doped (LiAl0.1Mn1.9O4 and LiAl0.1Ni0.1Mn1.8O4) microspheres of lithium manganese oxide (LMO) spinels for use as reversible cathode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). The spheres of the two samples exhibit different porosities. Cells with these LMO-based cathodes are then cycled between 4.5 V and 2 V to study their stabilities while simultaneously being subjected to the undesirable Jahn-Teller distortion that occurs around the ~3 V regime. The LiAl0.1Mn1.9O4 (LAMO) and the LiAl0.1Ni0.1Mn1.8O4 (LANMO) cells exhibit comparable open circuit voltages (OCV) of 2.94 V and 2.97 V, respectively. During cell cycling, the LAMO cell exhibits a maximum specific capacity of 122.51 mAh g?1 with a capacity fade of 65.35% after 75 cycles. The LiAl0.1Ni0.1Mn1.8O4 (LAMO) sample fares better and exhibits a maximum of 140.49 mAh g?1 and a capacity drop of 52.59%. Detailed structural studies indicate that Ni doping and the greater degree of porosity of the LANMO sample to be a stabilizing factor. This is further confirmed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and AC impedance spectra analysis. 相似文献
39.
Protection of the environment from ionising radiation in a regulatory context (protect): proposed numerical benchmark values 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
40.
Daniel Q. Tong Nicholas Z. Muller Haidong Kan Robert O. Mendelsohn 《Environment international》2009,35(8):1109-1117
Human exposure to ambient ozone (O3) has been linked to a variety of adverse health effects. The ozone level at a location is contributed by local production, regional transport, and background ozone. This study combines detailed emission inventory, air quality modeling, and census data to investigate the source–receptor relationships between nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions and population exposure to ambient O3 in 48 states over the continental United States. By removing NOx emissions from each state one at a time, we calculate the change in O3 exposures by examining the difference between the base and the sensitivity simulations. Based on the 49 simulations, we construct state-level and census region-level source–receptor matrices describing the relationships among these states/regions. We find that, for 43 receptor states, cumulative NOx emissions from upwind states contribute more to O3 exposures than the state's own emissions. In-state emissions are responsible for less than 15% of O3 exposures in 90% of U.S. states. A state's NOx emissions can influence 2 to 40 downwind states by at least a 0.1 ppbv change in population-averaged O3 exposure. The results suggest that the U.S. generally needs a regional strategy to effectively reduce O3 exposures. But the current regional emission control program in the U.S. is a cap-and-trade program that assumes the marginal damage of every ton of NOx is equal. In this study, the average O3 exposures caused by one ton of NOx emissions ranges from ? 2.0 to 2.3 ppm-people-hours depending on the state. The actual damage caused by one ton of NOx emissions varies considerably over space. 相似文献