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Transformation of a non-oestrogenic steroid metabolite to an oestrogenically active substance by minimal bacterial activity 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The majority of oestrogenic material excreted from humans and wildlife, and therefore released into sewers, is in a conjugated form. However, the finding of “free” oestrogens in sewage effluent suggests that these metabolites are somehow converted back into an active form, before or during passage through a sewage treatment process. When male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were continuously exposed to oestradiol-3-glucuronide, in a continuous-flow system, it demonstrated no inherent oestrogenic activity. However, when fish were exposed to effluent generated from laboratory simulations of sewage treatment processes, to which had been added oestradiol-3-glucuronide, oestrogenic activity was observed, suggesting microbial activity was capable of degrading the steroid metabolite into a more potent oestrogen. Oestrogenic potency was determined by measuring changes in plasma vitellogenin (egg yolk precursor) concentrations and gonadosomatic index. The results suggest that inactive metabolites of steroids are very readily biotransformed into biologically active oestrogens. 相似文献
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Massimo Federico Monica Pirani Ivan Rashid Nicola Caranci Claudia Cirilli 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2010,30(7):1362-1370
We conducted a retrospective ecological study to assess cancer incidence during the period 1991–2005 in proximity of a municipal waste incinerator (MWI) in Modena (Italy). We identified three bands of increasing distance from the MWI, up to a radius of 5 km and used the residence as surrogate marker of the exposure. Residential history for Modena’s population was reconstructed and residents were associated to the most appropriate census unit. Age-standardized incidence ratios (ASR) and standardized incidence ratios (SIR) were estimated for all cancers and selected sites. Variations in cancer incidence were investigated using space and space–time scan statistic. Deprivation index was taken into account as potential confounding factor. During the 15-year study period, 16,443 new cases of cancer were diagnosed among residents in Modena. The space–time clustering test identified three significant clusters but their shapes were not associable to the MWI exposition. The purely spatial analysis not showed statistically significant clusters. The SIR computed for all cancers and selected sites did not show any excess of risk in the area closest to the plant. Higher SIR for leukaemia was found in the second band from MWI (2–3.5 km) for females (SIR, age and DI adjusted: 1.35, 95%CI: 1.01–1.79) and for both sexes (SIR, age and DI adjusted: 1.28, 95%CI: 1.03–1.57), but not a spatial trend was observed, thus excluding a possible link with MWI. In conclusion, bearing in mind the intrinsic limits of the study, the results suggest that there is no detectable increase of cancer risk for people living in proximity to the Modena MWI. 相似文献
68.
Thorsten Junge Nicola Claßen Andreas Schäffer Burkhard Schmidt 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(9):858-868
The fate of 14C-labeled difloxacin (14C-DIF) was studied in time course experiments after application on soil (Ap horizon of silt loam) and amendment of authentic DIF containing pig manure (146 mL kg?1; 4.17 MBq kg?1; 0.85 mg kg?1) or water (124 mL kg?1; 0.42 MBq kg?1; 0.09 mg kg?1) for 56 and 120 days of incubation, respectively. Mineralization of 14C-DIF was below 0.2% in both experiments after 56 days or 120 days. In the course of the experiments, portions of extractable radioactivity (Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE); acetonitrile-water) decreased to 19–21% depending only little on manure amendment. Non-extractable residues of 14C-DIF increased to 70–74% after 56 days and 120 days, respectively, and therefore were the main route of 14C-DIF in soil. According to radioanalytical HPLC and LC-MS/MS, only the parent compound was found in all extracts over the whole time of the experiment. According to fractionation of the non-extractable residues (NER) into particle size fractions, 14C portions were associated to the water used for fractionation, the silt and clay fractions, whereas no radioactivity was detected in the sand fraction. The majority of 14C was found within the clay fractions. Fractionation of humic components showed that radioactivity derived from 14C-DIF was associated with humic acids, fulvic acids, humins and minerals and very little with soluble, non-humic HCl fraction. The highest portions of radioactivity were found in the fulvic acid fraction. Results obtained by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) of the purified fulvic acids were similar for every sample analyzed. One large portion of 14C co-eluted with fulvic acids of a molecular weight below 910 g mol?1. Both fractionation methods demonstrated that the parent compound DIF or initial metabolites were rapidly integrated into humic materials and, thus, were major components of NER. 相似文献
69.
Sabrina Frenna Antonio Mazzola Santino Orecchio Nicola Tuzzolino 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(7):5551-5562
This paper describes a work aimed at improving the conditions of an extraction method, coupling GC-MS determination, for the analysis without cleanup phase, of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from sediment samples. The automatic Soxhlet extraction in warm mode (using Extraction System B-811 Standard, Büchi) has demonstrated advantages for automation, reduced extraction time, and lower solvent use than for conventional Soxhlet extraction. Under these conditions, the recoveries are very good as they resulted greater than 85 % and, in most of the cases, near 100 %. The repeatability is also satisfactory (relative standard deviation less than 15 %). The detection limits are also acceptable and ranged from 0.001 to0.01 μg/kg dry weight. Fifty-four sediment samples were collected. The total concentration of the 17 compounds investigated, in samples of sediments collected from three Sicilian coastal areas, expressed as the sum of concentrations, varies from 99 to 11,557 μg/kg of dry matrix; concentrations of total PAHs in the sediments of Cala are two to three times higher than the other stations. 相似文献