重金属污染物在下包气带饱水条件下迁移转化的研究

不同的重金属污染物进入饱水的下包气带土层之后,由于其形态和价态变化差异较大,在土壤中的迁移、转化特征有明显差别,其迁移顺序为Cr_2O_7~(2-)>AsO_2~->>Hg~(2+)>Cd~(2+)>Pb~(2+).不同土质对重金属污染物迁移的影响为:在砂土中迁移最快,亚砂土中次之,亚粘土中最慢.     

中国中小城市生活垃圾优化管理模型的应用

根据中国中小城市生活垃圾基本特点,提出了适宜于中国中小城市生活垃圾优化管理的基本原则,确定出优化管理模型程序.通过实例分析,具体说明了优化管理模型的应用,计算出1999年、2005年和2010年规划系统城市生活垃圾的优化处理方案,通过费用比较充分验证和说明了中国中小城市生活垃圾优化管理模型的适用性与优越性.     

基于折减系数的地下水污染风险评价方法探究

地下水污染风险评价对地下水污染防治与地下水合理开发利用具有重要意义.目前国内外最常用的是基于DRASTIC模型结合污染荷载的地下水污染风险评价方法.本文对比总结了国内外地下水污染风险评价方法体系,针对目前方法体系的不足,提出基于折减系数的评价体系,通过引进"折减系数"来表征污染物在包气带中的迁移转化过程,最后以石家庄滹沱河冲洪积扇平原区为例进行了地下水污染风险评价.结果表明,研究区污染风险最高的地区多为工业区;其次是滹沱河河道及周边地区地下水污染风险较高,原因主要是该地区包气带基本以砂性土为主,且排污河污染物随河水常年下渗;农业污染源排放量较小,农田区污染风险最低.该方法体系实现了污染物由地表到达地下的衰减过程量化,且简便易操作.此外,该方法把污染物毒性与污染物到达地下水面的量放在同一层次,使得地下水污染风险评价的结果更具说服力.     

胶莱盆地一种新金矿类型——蓬家夼式金矿床研究

赋存于胶莱盆地下白垩统莱阳组含碳碎屑岩系中的蓬家夼式金矿床与金矿化 ,无论其形成地质时代还是岩石特征或沉积环境 ,均与国内外已知的金矿不同 ,为一种新类型金矿床。本文阐述了蓬家夼式新类型金矿床的地质特征 ,并论述了其成因 ,认为其为一种沉积 -改造作用形成的新类型金矿床。     

利用NO2—对对硝基苯胺的褪色作用光度法测定污水中NO2—

在００６ ｍ ｏｌ／ Ｌ 的盐酸介质中, Ｎ Ｏ２－ 与对硝基苯胺（１０×１０－ ４ ｍ ｏｌ／ Ｌ）反应生成无色的重氮盐使对硝基苯胺溶液褪色,于３８２ ｎｍ 处测量吸光度的变化。 Ｎ Ｏ２－ 在００６～４０ ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ 内服从比耳定律,回收率为９５％ ～１０４％ 。本法选择性好,操作简便,适用于污水中 Ｎ Ｏ２－ 的测定。     

Biodegradation of organic matters from mixed unshredded municipal solid waste through air convection before landfilling

Landfilling is a dominant municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal method in most developing countries. In China, approximately 85% of the generated MSW is being disposed of in the landfills. The amount of MSW is growing rapidly with the rate of approximately 8-10% annually, which contains a high quantity of moisture and organic matters. The problems of leachate treatment and landfill gas (LFG) emissions are increasing gradually. Reducing the hazard before emplacement, pretreatment of MSW before landfilling has become very important for the conventional landfill. In this study, aerobic pretreatment of mixed MSW was used, and much attention has been given to the natural convection of air in the mixed and unshredded MSW for bioconversion of organic matter (OM). This study is an attempt to investigate aerobic pretreatment suitability for the mixed and unshredded MSW at Beijing. A pilot-scale aerobic pretreatment simulator (APS) was developed at Beishen Shu Landfill in Beijing. To work out the biodegradation of the OM in the APS, fresh and pretreated MSW samples were collected and analyzed for OM, moisture content, temperature, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, lignocelluloses, and biochemical methane potential at various stages of the pretreatment. Furthermore, results of the fresh and pretreated MSW are compared. Significant reduction in the observed parameters of the pretreated waste samples is observed. This work demonstrates that pretreatment is significantly effective in reducing the landfill emissions that is leachate and LFG.     

中国微生物絮凝剂的生产研究现状

微生物絮凝剂具有降解性能好、应用广泛、成本低、操作简单及不会导致二次污染等优点,正日益引起人们的广泛重视.综述了微生物絮凝剂的开发研究状况,系统介绍了微生物絮凝剂的培养条件、产絮凝微生物生长的影响因素以及中国目前利用废水生产微生物絮凝剂的现状,并指出了微生物絮凝剂生产的现存问题和发展方向.     

载体对氧化亚铁硫杆菌氧化活性的影响及生物量分析

载体的选择对氧化亚铁硫杆菌的固定化至关重要,选择活性炭、煤矸石、陶粒和沸石4种载体,考察这4种载体在不同添加量下对氧化亚铁硫杆菌氧化活性的影响,并分析载体表面附着的生物量.结果表明,这4种材料均可作为细菌固定化培养的载体材料.在载体添加量为25～75 g/L条件下,载体对细菌生长过程中Fe2 浓度变化影响最大,随载体添加量的增加,Fe2 氧化速率增加,而对pH变化和Eh变化无明显影响.单位重量的活性炭、陶粒和沸石的生物量高于单位重量煤矸石的,但随载体添加量的增加,其生物量减小;对煤矸石,随载体添加量的增加,其生物量增加.     

基于积尘负荷的北京市典型城区道路扬尘排放特征研究

对典型道路扬尘进行采样,分析夏季北京市西城区、海淀区、门头沟区不同类型道路积尘负荷和PM_(2.5)粒度乘数(K_(2.5),g/(km·辆)),并对高峰与非高峰期K_(2.5)进行统计分析,通过计算得到了PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)排放因子和排放强度。结果表明:除北营房中街和阜外大街以外的积尘负荷总体表现为支路次干道主干道快速路,门头沟区海淀区西城区。不同道路类型PM_(10)排放因子表现为主干道次干道支路快速路(西城区除外),PM_(10)排放强度表现为快速路主干道次干道支路。K_(2.5)的分析结果表明,K_(2.5)表现为快速路主干道次干道支路,西城区海淀区门头沟区,高峰期K_(2.5)普遍比非高峰期大,其中午高峰最大。此外,北营房中街积尘负荷为0.681g/m~2,PM_(10)排放因子和排放强度分别为1.04g/(km·辆)和8.43kg/(km·d),明显小于其他区支路;阜外大街积尘负荷为0.724g/m~2,PM_(10)排放因子和排放强度分别为1.28g/(km·辆)和44.74kg/(km·d),明显小于其他区主干道;这可能与两条道路的日平均洒水次数较多有关。研究结果可为北京市道路扬尘排放清单的构建提供数据参考。     

Light-induced variation in environmentally persistent free radicals and the generation of reactive radical species in humic substances

• Light irradiation increased the concentration of free radicals on HS. • The increased spin densities on HS readily returned back to the original value. • The “unstable” free radicals induced the formation of reactive radical species. • Reactive radicals’ concentration correlated strongly with EPFRs’ concentration. Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in humic substances play an essential role in soil geochemical processes. Light is known to induce EPFRs formation for dissolved organic matter in aquatic environments; however, the impacts of light irradiation on the variation of EPFRs in soil humic substances remain unclear. In this study, humic acid, fulvic acid, and humin were extracted from peat soil and then in situ irradiated using simulated sunlight. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy results showed that with the increasing irradiation time, the spin densities and g-factors of humic substances rapidly increased during the initial 20 min and then gradually reached a plateau. After irradiation for 2h, the maximum spin density levels were up to 1.63 × 10¹⁷, 2.06 × 10¹⁷, and 1.77 × 10¹⁷ spins/g for the humic acid, fulvic acid, and humin, respectively. And the superoxide radicals increased to 1.05 × 10¹⁴–1.46 × 10¹⁴ spins/g while the alkyl radicals increased to 0.47 × 10¹⁴–1.76 × 10¹⁴ spins/g. The light-induced EPFRs were relatively unstable and readily returned back to their original state under dark and oxic conditions. Significant positive correlations were observed between the concentrations of EPFRs and reactive radical species (R² = 0.65–0.98, p<0.05), which suggested that the newly produced EPFRs contributed to the formation of reactive radical species. Our findings indicate that under the irradiation humic substances are likely to be more toxic and reactive in soil due to the formation of EPFRs.