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131.
Legal notification of protected area status follows enforcement which, by and large, curtails resource use and means of livelihood, apart from affecting the sociocultural value system of the local communities, leading to park-reserve-people conflicts. These conflicts are major threats to biodiversity conservation in developing countries and call for changes in conventional strategies for conservation planning and management. The attempts to involve local communities in protected area management usually fail when initiated and directed by outsiders. This paper deals with the present concept of protected area management and focuses on some of the fundamental issues related to indigenous peoples. It offers principles and options which may be followed towards resolving the conflicts arising out of such issues. 相似文献
132.
Chandra Prakash Kala 《国际发展与全球生态学杂志》2013,20(2):205-210
The various indigenous uses and structure of chir pine forests were studied in Uttaranchal state of the Indian Republic. A questionnaire survey was conducted in 50 villages of Uttaranchal to gather information on the indigenous uses of chir pine. For the study of community composition and structure of chir pine forest, at least 15 quadrats of 10 x 10 m were selected randomly across various localities, and the number of individuals, along with other dominant tree and shrub species, were enumerated in each quadrat. About 10 indigenous uses of chir pine were prominent in Uttaranchal. Besides resin, an important non-wood product, different parts of chir pine, such as cones, trunk, stems, wood, leaves and bark, were used by the local people. Chir pine is a subject of the folklore and mythology of indigenous cultures in Uttaranchal. Chir pine forest formed three major communities in Uttaranchal viz., sal-pine (Shorea robusta-Pinus roxburghii), pine pure stands and oak-pine (Quercus leucho-trichophora-Pinus roxburghii). These communities sustained various multiple-use trees and shrubs along with various edible mushrooms (eg. Agaricus campestris, Morchella esculenta and Sparassis crispa). The results of this study are discussed in the light of chir pine conservation and management policies. 相似文献
133.
Chandra S. Negi 《国际发展与全球生态学杂志》2013,20(4):428-436
Traditional modes of living or sustenance invariably relate to immediate and surrounding resources. Traditional people use many plant resources and have developed subtle and innovative uses for them in order to obtain maximum benefit. Traditional crop varieties and races that evolved over time through trial and error, not only provide basic nutritional requirements, but also food security. While the effects of the green revolution are conspicuous in the lower Himalayas, they are less visible in the study region, the Darma and Johaar valleys in the Kumaun Himalayas. Loss of crop biodiversity has taken place over the years, principally and inadvertently related to changing lifestyle and closure of traditional trade with Tibet after the 1962 Sino-Indian war. Added to this, is a growing demand for medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), principally Jambu (Allium stracheyii) and caraway (Carum carvi), whose acreage has increased with the concomitant decline in area under the traditional crops. In addition, the recent discovery of Yar tsa Gumba (Cordyceps sinensis) in the alpine zones of their summer homes has reduced people's interest in sowing, rearing and caring for traditional crops, viz. beans, potatoes, amaranth, whose growing season coincides with the harvesting season of Yar tsa Gumba. The present study attempts to show the causal factors behind the loss in crop biodiversity, as well as the changing lifestyle of these traditional people, vis a vis the changes in polyculture. 相似文献
134.
This study was conducted to see whether fatalism is an important factor in explaining occupational accidents among medical waste operatives in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data were collected using a variety of qualitative techniques and included observation, formal and informal dialogue. Sampling strategies included formal representative sampling, purposive and authoritative sampling. Employers did not supply PPE or offer training to their staff. Most workers (73%) did not wear PPE regularly, and a further 18% wore only insufficient PPE. Consequently, most waste workers (95%) reported that they had experienced occupational accidents, mostly (75%) from used needles and other sharps. These observations were associated with fatalistic beliefs among the participants, both managers and employees, who attributed these events to “fate” reflecting their perceived lack of control over such accidents. This study reveals many examples of a lack of organisational awareness that can occur within a culture of fatalism. 相似文献
135.
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137.
Chandra A Anand A Dubey A 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2007,28(2):193-196
Effects of salicylic acid (SA) on seed germination, seedling growth, flowering and biochemical activities were studied out in four cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes in control environments. The results revealed that both germination and seedling growth were negatively affected by 0.02%. SA application, however did not affect the size of full expanded buds, time of 50% flowering and date of flower initiation. A maximum increase in peroxidase (EC1.11.1.7) activity was observed in UPC 4200 over other genotypes. No significant change in the content of total soluble and intercellular fluid proteins was observed except in UPC 4200 genotype. SA induced accumulation of total soluble sugars more at flowering stage than at seed setting stage. It is evident from the present study that UPC 4200 genotype was more responsive to salicylic acid both in terms of increased peroxidase activity and less negative effect on morphological attributes, thus suggesting its wider use without negative impact on environment as salicylic acid has been reported in plants. 相似文献
138.
Scott C. Anderson Linh Chu Chandra Bouma Logan Beukelman Rayna McLouth Evan Larson 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2019,54(2):129-137
A direct, controlled comparison of the photodegradation of imazethapyr has been made between imazethapyr in aqueous solutions, imazethapyr on the surface of epicuticular waxes of corn and soybean plants, and imazethapyr on the surface of intact corn and soybean plant leaves. In some experiments, the imazethapyr solutions were allowed to evaporate partially or fully after application to better model environmental conditions. The photodegradation of imazethapyr was fastest in aqueous solutions (k?=?0.16?±?0.02?h?1) and slowest on the surface of corn and soybean plants (kcorn?=?0.00048?±?0.001?h?1 and ksoy?=?0.00054?±?0.003?h?1). Experiments allowing evaporation during irradiation have intermediate rate constants (e.g., kcorn?=?0.082?±?0.005?h?1). Finally, identification of photoproducts was also examined on epicuticular waxes of corn and soybean plants for the first time. 相似文献
139.
Mor S De Visscher A Ravindra K Dahiya RP Chandra A Van Cleemput O 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2006,26(4):381-388
Landfilling is one of the most common ways of municipal solid waste disposal. Degradation of organic waste produces CH(4) and other landfill gases that significantly contribute to global warming. However, before entering the atmosphere, part of the produced CH(4) can be oxidised while passing through the landfill cover. In the present study, the oxidation rate of CH(4) was studied with various types of compost as possible landfill cover. The influence of incubation time, moisture content and temperature on the CH(4) oxidation capacity of different types of compost was examined. It was observed that the influence of moisture content and temperature on methane oxidation is time-dependent. Maximum oxidation rates were observed at moisture contents ranging from 45% to 110% (dry weight basis), while the optimum temperature ranged from 15 to 30 degrees C. 相似文献
140.
Panda UC Rath P Sahu KC Majumdar S Sundaray SK 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,123(1-3):125-150
In order to establish the natural processes and geochemical factors responsible for enrichment of trace metal ions (Cu, Co, Ni, Zn and Cr) with respect to textural parameters (sand, silt and clay weight percentages) along with depth, multivariate statistical approach has been carried out for sediments in different water zones of Chilika lake, the largest brackish water lagoon in Asia. The rotated varimax factor results reveal that Cobalt enrichment is controlled by both textural parameters as well as adsorption mechanism. In fresh and saline water region, textural parameters and in mixed water, adsorption phenomenon predominates. Zn in fresh water is related to clay, whereas it is in adsorbed state in mixed water. Cu in fresh water sediments is in absorbed state and in mixed water it is related to depth and Co concentration. Cr does not show any specific association in fresh water, but in both mixed and saline water it is associated with clay minerals. Although both textural parameters and adsorption mechanism play an important role for the enrichment of trace metal ions in these lagoonal sediments, their relative importance varies with specific metal ions as well as the water quality. Sequential extraction technique was used to characterize the various forms of metals in the < 63μ size sediments of Chilika lake. The concentrations determined indicated selective accumulation of the various metals in the different phases with spatial variability in different water zones. Slightly higher availability of Co and Zn near Balugaon township in exchangeable phase may be related to anthropogenic activities. Among the non-lithogenous (NL) phases, reducible phase associated with higher concentration of Ni, Cu and Cr. Organic bound Zn and Co contributed highest percentages among NL fractions. Residual fraction contributed more than 50% in most of the cases, reflected the predominance of physical weathering, high erosion rate along the drainage basin. 相似文献