Fraction characteristics of rare earth elements in the surface sediment of Bohai Bay, North China

Surface sediment samples were collected at 27 stations of Bohai Bay, North China. Sequential extractions were carried out in this study. REE were leached out from four labile fractions: Exchangeable (L1), bound to carbonates (L2), bound to Fe–Mn oxides (L3), bound to organic matter (L4), and the remainder was residual (R5). The total contents of REE fluctuate slightly in Bohai Bay, and are mainly concentrated in the middle region, showing relatively higher levels in the north than that in the south of Bohai Bay. Percentages of L1, L2, L3, L4, and R5 for REE suggest that the residual fraction accounts for the major component of REE, whereas Fe–Mn oxides also play important roles in combining labile REE. As the REE complex is not stabilized, the competition of complex could induce dissociation of the complex and redistribution of the REE in various environments. According to REE patterns and Y/Ho ratios of samples, REE are not anthropogenic or oceanic sources but riverine input, whereas suitable environment varieties can slightly affect the patterns and fractionations of REE. As powerful tracers for the variable of environment, higher anomaly of Eu and Ce in southern regions indicates a greater reduction in the condition of surface sediment in the south than that in the north of Bohai Bay.     

趋势分析法评价苯系物标准气体的时间稳定性

根据GB/T 15000.3—2008设计了苯系物标准气体的时间稳定性研究方案,制备了4瓶苯系物标准气体,随着时间的推移进行测定并将结果制图,结果显示量值随时间没有显著的变化趋势。以线性关系为模型,计算线性直线的斜率和斜率的标准偏差,用t检验判断斜率是否显著来评价标准气体的稳定性。计算结果显示,所有斜率均不显著,因此该研究制备的苯系物标准气体能够稳定保存22个月。根据时间稳定性数据计算由不稳定性引起的不确定度,并讨论了这种计算不稳定性引起不确定度的方法对结果有放大的可能性。     

青岛市开展重金属废水自动监测工作探索

简述了青岛市开展重金属自动监测的要求与现状,分析了开展重金属自动监测的优势与存在问题,在介绍青岛市相关工作对策和措施的同时,对重金属废水自动监测系统建设、设备选型、监控平台建设、运行维护管理等提出建议。     

环境监测用5种氯代烯烃混合气体标准样品研制

介绍了1μmol/mol氮气中5种氯代烯气体标准样品的研制方法。这5种氯代烯包括氯乙烯、1,1-二氯乙烯、顺1,2-二氯乙烯、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯,其中氯乙烯常温下为气态,其他4种为液态,并且沸点低,将这几种氯代烯制备成气体标准样品存在制备精度低、气液转换不完全等困难。经研究,采用2步称量法制备5种氯代烯气体标准样品,重复制备的相对标准偏差小于1.6%。建立了5种氯代烯标准气体瓶内均匀性的实验方法,并通过考察样品量值伴随样品压力的变化来评价样品的均匀性。结果显示,5种氯代烯标准气体是均匀的,最低使用压力为1 MPa。依照ISO 15000.3来考察样品的时间稳定性,样品有效期为12个月。相对扩展不确定度为3%(置信度为95%)。     

天津市基于新标准的空气质量预报模型效果评估

利用2015年环境空气质量监测数据,对天津市OPAQ空气质量统计预报模型预测效果进行验证评估。结果表明,模型对天津市AQI和PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、O_3、NO——2的预测结果与实测结果具有较好的趋势一致性,且预测时间越临近,拟合度越好,24 h预报的相关系数r全部达到0.8以上。对PM_(2.5)的预报性能明显优于PM_(10)、O_3和NO_2,PM_(2.5)平均值预测略呈正偏差,但重污染预测值偏低约15%;O_3和NO_2预测值呈明显负偏差,O_3峰值预测不足,NO_2预测值整体偏低,均以24 h预报趋势性最好,但负偏差最为突出。     

Pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in three land-use types on the southern Loess Plateau,China

The accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils has been the subject of great concern because these metals have the potential to be transferred to soil solutions and subsequently accumulate in the food chain. To study the persistence of trace metals in crop and orchard soils, representative surface soil samples were collected from terrace farmland that had been cultivated for various numbers of years (3, 8, 12, 15, and >20 years), terrace orchard land that had been cultivated for various numbers of years (4, 7, 10, 12, 15, 18, 25, and >30 years), and slope farmland with various gradients (3°, 5°, 8°, 12°, 15°, and 25°) and analyzed for heavy metals (As, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, and Zn). These samples were collected from Nihegou catchment of Chunhua county in the southern Loess Plateau of China. The six heavy metals demonstrated different trends with time or gradient in the three land-use types. The Cu and Zn contents of the soil were higher than the referee background values of the loessal soil, and the contents of Cr and Ni, and especially those of As and Hg, were lower. Cu was the only heavy metal that just met the Grade III Environmental Quality Standard for Soils of China, while the others reached grade I. Cu and Hg were considered contaminant factors and Hg was a moderate potential ecological risk factor in the catchment. Of the sites investigated, 89.5% fell into the category with a low degree of contamination (C _d ) and rest were moderate, while all three land-use types had low potential ecological risk (RI). Changes of C _d and RI were consistent with the cultivated time in the terrace farmland and terrace orchard land. Values of RI increased while C _d decreased with the increasing of slope gradient in the slope farmland. Evaluating the ecological risk posed by heavy metals using more soil samples in a larger study area is necessary on the Loess Plateau of China.     

河流沉积物中有机污染物的分析研究进展

总结了近年来河流沉积物中有机污染物的研究进展 ,集中评述了国内有关沉积物中多环芳烃、有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分析研究现状 ,包括样品采集、样品前处理和样品分析 ,并对今后河流、湖泊及水库沉积物中污染物的分析工作作了展望     

燃放烟花爆竹对城区和背景点气溶胶中高氯酸盐的污染研究

除夕夜至大年初一零时前后,是燃放烟花爆竹最多最集中的时段。作者分别同步采集了2007年春节期间在城区和环境背景点的大气气溶胶粗、细颗粒物样品,并对其中的高氯酸盐进行了比较研究。结果显示,燃放烟花爆竹时产生的高氯酸盐对大气气溶胶产生了非常严重的污染。城区气溶胶粗颗粒中的高氯酸盐较非燃放期平均值(2.154ng/m3)上升1 718.01%;细颗粒中的高氯酸盐较非燃放期平均值(1.640 ng/m3)上升503.04%。在环境背景点气溶胶粗颗粒中的高氯酸盐较非燃放期的平均值(0.653 ng/m3)上升了425.25%;细颗粒中的高氯酸盐较非燃放期平均值(0.317 ng/m3)上升了1 467.82%。     

Dissipation and residue of triforine in strawberry and soil

Two independent field trials were performed in Guangdong and Hubei, China in 2011 to investigate the dissipation and residue levels of triforine in strawberry and soil. A fast and simple method using gas chromatography with electron capture detector was developed and validated to determine triforine levels in strawberry and soil. The average recovery of triforine in strawberry ranged from 87.46 to 104.32 % with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.72 to 4.54 %; that in soil ranged from 83.82 to 103.01 % with an RSD of 3.89 to 4.36 %. The limit of quantification of the proposed method was 0.01 mg/kg for both strawberry and soil. The results suggest that the triforine dissipation curves followed the first-order kinetic. The half-lives of triforine in strawberry from Guangdong and Hubei were 3.58 and 4.42 days, respectively; those in soil were 3.53 and 4.10 days, respectively. The terminal residues of triforine in strawberry ranged from 0.032 to 0.264 mg/kg at preharvest intervals of 0.5, 1, and 3 days. These values are lower than the maximum residue limit of 1 mg/kg in strawberry set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.     

空间分辨率与精度协同改进的卫星AOD产品降尺度模型

针对现有卫星气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)产品空间分辨率和精度往往难以满足大气污染精细治理实际需求,提出了一种耦合偏差校正的统计降尺度改进模型(SDBC).该模型基于“空间尺度不变性假设”引入相关驱动因子的额外空间信息实现AOD降尺度,并在此基础上通过偏差校正进一步提升降尺度产品的精度.以1km分辨率MAIAC AOD产品为例,在北京、大湾区、台湾岛3个典型地区开展模型验证.结果表明:(1)DEM、NDVI、人口数量和土地覆盖是影响AOD变化的细节因子,在SDBC空间降尺度过程中引入可将AOD产品的空间分辨率有效提升至500m,且降尺度产品验证R2最高可达0.88;(2)顾及卫星观测几何、质量标识、大气水蒸气柱、气溶胶模式等因子的偏差校正则可进一步提升降尺度AOD产品的精度,3个地区的验证R2均在0.85以上,最高可达0.93;(3)信息熵评估结果显示SDBC模型生成的500m AOD产品提高了原始MAIAC AOD产品的空间信息量.在保留了公里级产品AOD的空间分布格局的基础上,SDBC产品也增强了细节和纹理特征、改善了边界现象和马赛克效应.研究结果证实SDBC模型能有效协同改进现有卫星A...