污泥膜覆盖好氧发酵堆体流场模拟及应用研究简

运用Gambit软件建立了污泥好氧发酵堆体的多孔介质模型,通过自行设计的实验装置获得了堆体的通风粘性阻力系数和惯性阻力系数以及功能膜压差与透气量之间的关系,用Fluent软件分析了堆体不同截面形状及底部通风管数量对堆体通风均匀性的影响,为确定合理的通风管数量及截面几何形状提供理论依据。对上海奉贤区城镇污水厂污泥处理工程发酵仓进行堆体流场模拟,确定堆体采用小拱形截面形状,堆高2 m,宽8 m,底部设置4条通风管,实际运行效果良好。     

Distribution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in chicken manure and manure-fertilized vegetables

Veterinary manure is an important pollution reservoir of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). However, little is known of the distribution of ARB in plant endophytic bacteria and the number/types of ARB in chicken manure. In this study, 454-pyrosequencing was used to investigate the distribution and composition of ARBs in chicken manure and fertilized vegetables. The prevalence of ARB in the samples of the chicken manure compost recovered from farms on which amoxicillin, kanamycin, gentamicin, and cephalexin were used was 20.91–65.9 % for ARBs and 8.24–20.63 % simultaneously resistant to two or more antibiotics (multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria (MARB)). Antibiotic-resistant endophytic bacteria were widely detected in celery, pakchoi, and cucumber with the highest rate of resistance to cephalexin. The pyrosequencing indicated that the chicken manure dominantly harbored Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Synergistetes, and Proteobacteria and that Bacteroidetes was significantly enhanced in farms utilizing antibiotics. In the total cultivable colonies, 62.58–89.43 % ARBs and 95.29 % MARB were clustered in Bacteroidetes with the dominant species (Myroides ordoratimimus and Spningobacterium spp., respectively) related to human clinical opportunistic pathogens.     

生物滴滤塔处理氯苯废气的工艺性能

将活性污泥培养及驯化后接种于生物滴滤塔中,挂膜启动后处理模拟氯苯废气（简称氯苯废气）,考察了生物滴滤塔在挂膜启动阶段及稳定运行阶段的性能。实验结果表明：接种41 d后生物滴滤塔成功挂膜,此时氯苯去除率稳定在90%以上;生物滴滤塔稳定运行阶段,随着进气中氯苯质量浓度由303.82 mg/m³逐渐增至1 489.05 mg/m³,氯苯去除率从85.1%降至70.1%。处理氯苯废气适宜的工艺条件为：空塔停留时间超过45 s,喷淋液流量31.8 mL/min,氯苯负荷23.97~128.01 g/（m³·h）。生物滴滤塔对喷淋液的酸性环境有较好的适应性,喷淋液pH的变化对氯苯去除率无显著影响。     

水平潜流人工湿地在不同水力负荷下的水力效率及可视化分析

构建水平潜流人工湿地装置,通过NaCl示踪脉冲实验,得到不同水力负荷条件下的水力停留时间分布密度曲线,根据不同停留时间的关系计算相对水力效率,并利用染料,进行不同水力负荷下的可视化示踪实验,通过MATLAB处理得到高对比度的流态图像。观察"死区"分布,计算"死区"相对面积用以表征其水力效率。结果表明,湿地装置进水水力负荷较高或较低时,水力效率均较低,且水力负荷较大时更明显;水力分布散度(σ2θ)的大小会对水平潜流人工湿地水力效率造成较大影响;在不同水力负荷下,采用水力学效能(λ)所得到的排序结果相比短路值(s)和有效体积比(e)更能代表实际水平潜流人工湿地的水力效率。     

牙哈凝析气田大气环境影响回顾评价

为更好地了解牙哈凝析气田开发建设对大气环境质量的影响,根据牙哈凝析气田6年的大气环境监测资料,采用spearman秩相关系数法对牙哈凝析气田开发10年来的环境空气质量进行回顾评价及变化趋势分析。结果表明:牙哈凝析气田大气中主要污染物SO2、NMHC(非甲烷总烃)均总体呈下降趋势,NO2呈上升趋势,而在2008年急剧下降,整体大气环境质量呈现好转趋势。牙哈凝析气田开发区块环境空气质量有了明显的改善,各项大气环境治理措施取得了显著的环境效益。     

Sulfamethoxazole sorption by sediment fractions in comparison to pyrene and bisphenol A

The environmental behavior of antibiotics has attracted great research attention. However, their sorption mechanisms in soils/sediments are still unknown. Comparison of the sorption properties between the widely-studied hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) and antibiotics may provide valuable insight to antibiotic sorption mechanisms. Thus, in this study batch experiments for pyrene (PYR), bisphenol A (BPA), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) sorption were conducted on a sediment sample and its separated fractions. Our results showed the high sorption of PYR on black carbon and organic matter. Although high sorption of SMX was observed for both separated organic fractions (humic acids) and inorganic mineral particles, the original sediment particles showed relatively low sorption. Competitive sorption between SMX and dissolved humic acid on mineral particles was observed in this study. This competitive interaction is a unique process for antibiotic sorption in soils/sediments compared with apolar HOCs and may be one of the important factors controlling the antibiotic sorption.     

Evaluation of airborne particulate matter and metals data in personal,indoor and outdoor environments using ED-XRF and ICP-MS and co-located duplicate samples

Factors and sources affecting measurement uncertainty associated with monitoring metals in airborne particulate matter (PM) were investigated as part of the Windsor, Ontario Exposure Assessment Study (WOEAS). The assessment was made using co-located duplicate samples and a comparison of two analytical approaches: ED-XRF and ICP-MS. Sampling variability was estimated using relative percent difference (RPD) of co-located duplicate samples. The comparison of ICP-MS and ED-XRF results yields very good correlations (R² ≥ 0.7) for elements present at concentrations that pass both ICP-MS and ED-XRF detection limits (e.g. Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb and Cu). PM concentration ranges (median, sample number) of 24-h indoor PM₁₀ and personal PM₁₀ filters, and outdoor PM_2.5 filters were determined to be 2.2–40.7 (11.0, n = 48) μg m^?3, 8.0–48.3 (11.9, n = 48) μg m^?3, and 17.1–42.3 (21.6, n = 18) μg m^?3, respectively. The gravimetric analytical results reveal that the variations in PM mass measurements for same-day sampling are insignificant compared to temporal or spatial variations: 92%, 100% and 96% of indoor, outdoor and personal duplicate samples, respectively, pass the quality criteria (RPD ≤ 20%). Uncertainties associated with ED-XRF elemental measurements of S, Ca, Mn, Fe and Zn for 24-h filter samples are low: 78%–100% of the duplicate samples passed the quality criteria. In the case of 24-h filter samples using ICP-MS, more elements passed the quality criteria due to the lower detection limits. These were: Li, Na, K, Ca, Si, Al, V, Fe, Mn, Co, Cu, Mo, Ag, Zn, Pb, As, Mg, Sb, Sn, Sr, Th, Ti, Tl, and U. Low air concentrations of metals (near or below instrumental detection limits) and/or inadvertent introduction of metal contamination are the main causes for excluding elements based on the pass/fail criteria. Uncertainty associated with elemental measurements must be assessed on an element-by-element basis.     

麻质活性炭的制备及其对Cu~(2+)的吸附研究

以废麻为原料,KOH为活化剂制备粉状活性炭,通过静态吸附实验研究了活性炭对Cu2+的吸附性能,探讨了溶液起始pH值、活性炭投加量、吸附时间、起始Cu2+质量浓度等对Cu2+吸附效果的影响。结果表明,溶液pH和活性炭投加量对吸附效果有较大影响,活性炭对Cu2+的吸附率在60 min内超过50%,初始浓度在10~50 mg/L时,活性炭对Cu2+的吸附量与起始浓度近似成正比。采用Langmuir、Freundlich吸附等温式对吸附平衡数据进行了拟合,结果表明吸附等温线符合Frenudlich模型。采用傅立叶红外光谱法(FT-IR)分析了活性炭的表面官能团,分析表明活性炭表面酸性官能团可能是吸附Cu2+的活性中心。     

Fenton-like degradation of nalidixic acid with Fe3+/H2O2

The Fenton-like degradation of nalidixic acid was studied in this work. The effects of Fe³⁺ concentration and initial H₂O₂ concentration were investigated. Increasing the initial H₂O₂ concentration enhances the degradation and mineralization efficiency for nalidixic acid, while Fe³⁺ shows an optimal concentration of 0.25 mM. A complete removal of nalidixic acid and a TOC removal of 28 % were achieved in 60 min under a reaction condition of [Fe³⁺]?=?0.25 mM, [H₂O₂]?=?10 mM, T?=?35 °C, and pH?=?3. LC–MS analysis technique was used to analyze the possible degradation intermediates. The degradation pathways of nalidixic acid were proposed according to the identified intermediates and the electron density distribution of nalidixic acid. The Fenton-like degradation reaction of nalidixic acid mainly begins with the electrophilic attack of hydroxyl radical towards the C₃ position which results in the ring-opening reaction; meanwhile, hydroxyl radical attacking to the branched alkyl groups of nalidixic acid leads to the oxidation at the branched alkyl groups.     

Pollution characteristics of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the southeast coastal cities of China

With the rapid urbanization, the southeast coastal cities of China are facing increasing air pollution in the past decades. Large emissions of VOCs from vehicles and petrochemical factories have contributed greatly to the local air quality deterioration. Investigating the pollution characteristics of VOCs is of great significance to the environmental risk assessment and air quality improvement. Ambient VOC samples were collected simultaneously from nine coastal cities of southeast China using the Tedlar bags, and were subsequently preprocessed and analyzed using a cryogenic preconcentrator and a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry system, respectively. VOC compositions, spatial distributions, seasonal variations and ozone formation potentials (OPFs) were discussed. Results showed that methylene chloride, toluene, isopropyl alcohol and n-hexane were most abundant species, and oxygenated compounds, aromatics and halogenated hydrocarbons were most abundant chemical classes (62.5–95.6 % of TVOCs). Both industrial and vehicular exhausts might contribute greatly to the VOC emissions. The VOC levels in the southeast coastal cities of China were sufficiently high (e.g., 6.5 μg?m^?3 for benzene) to pose a health risk to local people. A more serious pollution state was found in the southern cities of the study region, while higher VOC levels were usually observed in winter. The B/T ratio (0.26?±?0.09) was lower than the typical ratio (ca. 0.6) for roadside samples, while the B/E (1.6–7.6) and T/E (7.2–26.8) ratios were higher than other cities around the world, which indicated a unique emission profile in the study region. Besides, analysis on ozone formation potentials (OFPs) indicated that toluene was the most important species in ozone production with the accountabilities for total OFPs of 22.6 to 59.6 %.