无机膜过滤黑液的操作条件选择

分别采用孔径为0.8,0.2μm微滤膜和50nm超滤膜过滤草浆黑液,探讨了操作条件对无机膜渗透通量的影响。结果表明,选用0 2或0.8μm孔径的膜,有利于渗透通量的提高并保证截留效果。操作压力在0.25～0.35MPa之间,错流速度不小于5.0m s,温度为60℃时,可以获得较高的渗透通量。黑液本身的性质,如浓度、COD值等,也会对渗透通量产生较大的影响。      

膜滤与酸析处理草浆黑液的实验研究

采用无机膜过滤和磷酸酸析 2种方法来处理草浆造纸的黑液 ,比较了 2种方法的截留和分离效果。膜滤COD的截留率高于酸析 ,但从木素以及硅脱除的角度看 ,酸析的效果较佳。酸析后滤液可以苛化利用 ,以提高经济效益 ;而无机膜过滤是一个物理过程 ,工艺相对简单 ,流程短 ,其渗透液可以考虑直接回用。     

白腐菌J-6对五类化学结构染料的脱色性能

从白腐菌中筛出了一株能对五类不同化学结构的染料进行高效脱色的菌株——J-6。通过采用“批式”摇床培养法,测定染料脱色率,从而确定该菌株能高效脱色的最佳培养时间和连续处理染料的能力。发酵培养96h的菌体可使活性艳蓝R(A)SP在5h内脱色率达95％以上;活性翠蓝G、活性黑GRP、混合染料在9h内脱色率达90％以上;孔雀绿、Po1yR-478在24h内脱色率分别达95％、90％以上。另外,J-6对不同染料最佳脱色时间和最终脱色效率与菌体本身发酵培养的时间长短和染料的种类紧密相关。J6处理能力强,连续处理4次染料后仍保持较高的脱色率。     

微波诱导催化剂Fe2O3-CeO2/γ-Al2O3的制备及其对甲基橙的催化降解性能

采用分层浸渍法制备了微波诱导催化剂Fe2O3-CeO2／γ—Al2O3。采用X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）等方法对所制备的催化剂进行了表征。以甲基橙为目标降解物,考察了该催化剂在微波诱导氧化工艺（MIOP）中的催化活性。实验结果表明,在微波输出功率为450W、催化剂加入量为10g/L的条件下,处理50mL质量浓度为25mg／L的甲基橙溶液,微波照射处理3min后,甲基橙溶液的脱色率达93．6％。     

锰电解行业铬钝化剂回收利用技术研究

以某电解锰工艺末端铬钝化废水为研究对象,采用氧化、除杂、反应制得成品,污水达标处理及回用的组合工艺,制备达到国家标准的中铬黄产品,以实现铬的回收利用。结果表明:对于H2O2氧化工艺,选用V(水样)/V(30%H2O2)为(600～1000):1;可采取加碱沉淀Mn的工艺去除杂质金属离子;铬酸铅的生成反应适宜温度为55～60℃,硝酸铅投加量为理论值的1.05倍～1.10倍;采取加石灰调pH、投加硫酸铝的方法可去除水样中剩余铅离子,V(上清液)/V(5%硫酸铝溶液)为1000～2000较合适;生产该产品基本上能够做到保本、微利,但具有显著的环境效益和社会效益。     

Comparison of two methods for detection of fecal indicator bacteria used in water quality monitoring of the Three Gorges Reservoir

Scientifically sound methods to rapidly measure fecal indicator bacteria are important to ensure safe water for drinking and recreational purposes.A total of 200 water samples obtained from the Three Gorges Reservoir during three successive one-year study periods(October 2009 to September 2012) were analyzed using multiple-tube fermentation(MTF)and most probable numbers combined with polymerase chain reaction(MPN–PCR).The MPN–PCR method was found to be significantly more sensitive than the MTF method for detecting Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.,and of equal sensitivity for detecting total coliforms when all surface water samples were grouped together.The two analytical methods had a strong,significant relationship,but MPN–PCR took only 12–18 hr,compared with the 3–8 days needed using the MTF method.Bacterial concentrations varied per sampling site but were significantly lower in the mainstream of the Yangtze River than those in the backwater areas of tributaries.The water quality of 85.8% of water samples from the mainstream was suitable for use as a centralized potable water source,while the water quality of 52.5% of water samples from the backwater areas was unsuitable for recreational activities.Relationships between fecal indicator bacteria showed significant correlation(r = 0.636–0.909,p 0.01,n = 200),while a weak but significant correlation was found between fecal indicators and water turbidity,water temperature,daily inflow,and total dissolved solids(r = 0.237–0.532,p 0.05,n = 200).The study indicated that MPN–PCR is a rapid and easily performed deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)-based method for quantitative detection of viable total coliforms,E.coli,and Enterococcus spp.in surface water.     

Stability and deformation of surrounding rock in pillarless gob-side entry retaining

We analyzed the stability of the retained gob-side entry in four different Chinese coal mining sites and evaluated the influencing factors of roadway deformation such as mining depth, support strength and area of gob-side hanging roof. It was found that the length of cantilever roof block above roadway has a major impact on the deformation, whereas the impact of mining depth is minor if the depth is less than 500 m. Minimum support resistance of 0.3 MPa is essential to effectively confine the deformation of a retained roadway. We performed physical experiments to further study the features of roof fracturing and their impact on roadway deformation under three typical immediate roof conditions, i.e., thick-immediate roof, thin-immediate roof and non-immediate roof. In addition, equations to calculate desired support resistance of filled gob-side wall were derived based on superimposed continuous laminate model. The results provide valuable theoretical and practical guidance for implementing pillarless gob-side entry retaining in engineering practices.     

Bacterial resistance to lead: Chemical basis and environmental relevance

Natural bacterial isolates from heavily contaminated sites may evolve diverse tolerance strategies, including biosorption, efflux mechanism, and intracellular precipitation under the continually increased stress of toxic lead (Pb) from anthropogenic activities. These strategies utilize a large variety of functional groups in biological macromolecules (e.g., exopolysaccharides (EPSs) and metalloproteins) and inorganic ligands, including carboxyl, phosphate and amide groups, for capturing Pb. The amount and type of binding sites carried by biologically originated materials essentially determines their performance and potential for Pb removal and remediation. Many factors, e.g., metal ion radius, electronegativity, the shape of the cell surface sheath, temperature and pH, are thought to exert significant influences on the abovementioned interactions with Pb. Conclusively, understanding the chemical basis of Pb-binding in these bacteria can allow for the development of effective microbial Pb remediation technologies and further elucidation of Pb cycling in the environment.     

8属22种AM真菌增殖技术的初步研究

采用室内活体宿主植物盆栽法,以玉米(Zea mays)、高粱(Sorghum bicolor)和紫云英(Astragalus siniucus)为宿主植物,研究了3种宿主植物对8属22种丛枝菌根真菌孢子密度的影响。结果表明:3种寄主植物都能与丛枝菌根真菌形成共生关系,但不同宿主植物对丛枝菌根真菌富集培养产孢量的影响具有显著性差异。在实际生产应用中,应根据不同丛枝菌根真菌的生物学特性选择高亲和性的宿主植物作为其孢子扩繁的良好载体植物。     

机动车排气遥测技术的应用和发展

介绍机动车排气污染物遥测技术的发展历史、应用现状和发展趋势，对中美2国的应用现状进行对比分析，并在此基础上提出我国下一阶段的努力方向。