亚洲电子工业中的溶剂清洗:寻求CFC-113和甲基氯仿(1,1,1-三氯乙烷)的代用品

本文考察:1）6个充满活力的亚洲经济实体—香港、韩国、马来西亚、新加坡、台湾和泰国的政府如何对《蒙特利尔议定书》所提出的挑战做出反应,以削减它们的臭氧耗损物质如氯氟烃（CFC）和甲基氯仿（MC）的消费量;2）这些经济实体中的电子公司如何解决在其清洗操作中代替CFC-113和MC所涉及的技术问题和其它问题。它说明不同的国家控制战略和政策框架能如何形成对节约和循环利用的刺激;实行定量限制的国家一直十分有效地削减CFC消费量。一旦实行配额,政府就很容易设计一种分配制度;使它们能获得大量配额租金来资助那些旨在有利于淘汰工作的措施。通过节约措施实现的大幅度削减只增加相当少的成本。本文也认为《蒙特利尔议定书》的贸易条款和美国的CFC税已经对这些高度面向出口的经济实体的政府对策和公司业务产生重要影响。 本文列举了可用于CFC替代的主要备选方案,并根据实地调查,确认了其迅速采用的某些技术、信息和资金障碍。同时,它说明了许多电子公司如何成功地克服这些障碍。虽然目前已取得了颇大进展,但随着替代进程的推移,边际成本可能更急剧地上升:简而言之,最后10％的削减可能远比前90％更难。 不同国家中各公司阅历长短和技术能力水平的差异,强烈地决定它们在寻找CFC代用品方面的积极性和创造     

希腊莱斯沃斯岛斯蒂普西附近蚀变火山岩中主量、微量元素的活动性与高岭土矿床的成因

<正> 在莱斯沃斯地区的火山岩中,火山期后热液活动形成了大量的蚀变带,主要蚀变带以出现高岭石为其特征,在下列地区发育:斯蒂普西、阿尔盖诺斯、彼得拉、阿格拉和马加罗斯(图1)。我们赞同莱斯沃斯地区高岭土为热液     

Occurrence of carcinogenic amino-alpha-carbolines in some environmental samples

The carcinogenic amino-alpha-carbolines, 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole and AalphaC, have been measured in airborne particles, rain water, soil and cigarette-smoke-polluted indoor air by high-performance liquid chromatography. These carcinogens were found in all kinds of environmental samples examined, although MeAalphaC was not detected in soil. Considering the present results, together with the previous findings that these carcinogens were present in foodstuffs, cigarette smoke and diesel-exhaust particles, amino-alpha-carbolines are likely to be ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Our data also support the hypothesis that amino-alpha-carbolines are formed through combustion of various materials such as food, grass and petroleum.     

Influence of some groundwater and surface waters constituents on the degradation of 4-chlorophenol by the fenton reaction

The Fenton reaction has been applied to the degradation of 4-chlorophenol in aqueous solutions containing various anions. The rate of the reaction was found to decrease in the following order of anions (at the same concentrations): CIO (4) ~ NO (3)- > SO(4) (2-) > CI(-)> >HPO(4) (2-) > HCO(3)(-). Degradation of the pollutant containing the above anions at concentrations typical of those found in groundwater and surface waters was affected in a similar way. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of these anions on the rates of the oxidation of ferrous anion as well as on their role in the scavenging of hydroxyl radical     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Norwegian forest soils: impact of long range atmospheric transport

Levels of nine selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, in surface soils from areas in southern and central Norway are presented. Levels in central Norway are generally low, while the southern Norway soils are about ten-fold higher with respect to 4 and 5 ring PAHs. Comparison with air quality data indicates long-range atmospheric transport to be the major source of the excess 4 and 5 ring PAHs in the south. Analyses of peat cores from ombrotrophic bogs support this assumption, and these provide a potentially useful approach for temporal studies of atmospheric PAH deposition. Analytical data for naphthalene in soils depend very much on the sampling and storage of the samples before analysis.     

Low hepatic 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and minor alterations in retinoid and thyroid hormone levels in flounder (Platichthys flesus) exposed to the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture, Clophen A50

The effect of the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture Clophen A50 on hepatic cytochrome P4501A1 dependent EROD (7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase) activity, plasma thyroid hormone levels and plasma, kidney and liver retinoid concentrations of the euryhaline flatfish flounder (Platichthys flesus) was determined 2 and 10 days after i.p. (intraperitoneal) injection with 20, 100 and 500 mg Clophen A50/kg body weight. No effect of Clophen A50 on total cytochrome P450 content in flounder liver was observed at both time points. A six-fold, dose-dependent, significant increase in EROD activity was found at exposure day 10 in flounder receiving 100 or 500 mg Clophen A50/kg body weight. Plasma retinol concentrations were not altered at both time points after Clophen A50 administration, whereas renal retinol levels showed a minor dose-related increase at day 2 and day 10 of exposure. Significant alterations in hepatic retinoid concentrations were observed, which were not dependent on the dose of PCB administered. In addition Clophen A50 administration did not result in a dose-related alteration of total T4 concentrations in plasma. Total T3 concentrations in plasma were only significantly increased at day 2 after exposure, whereas free T4 concentrations were increased at both time points after Clophen A50 administration. These data indicate that with regard to the parameters investigated and in contrast to other fish species studied, the flounder is not a sensitive species to PCB exposure.     

美国佛罗里达州阿波普卡湖水文和土地利用变化的生物突变响应

阿波普卡(Apopka)湖位于佛罗里达中北部,是一个富营养化的浅水湖泊.1947年,湖泊的初级生产群落结构(PPCS)发生了巨大的变化.在1947年,水下的水生植物被飓风连根拔起,并在数周之内被浮游植物所替代,初级生产群落结构发生了突然演替.在此我们提出两个假设解释群落结构向浮游植物的突然演替.首先,流域在19世纪初后期的水文变化使湖泊的水位大约下降了1.0 m,从而使生态系统通过大型植物群落生产力提高适应了中等的、人为的营养物质富集的环境.第二,开始于1942年的泛滥平原湿地的水文变化和大规模的农业发展,改变了湖泊中磷载荷的模式和规模,引起了1947年浮游植物占优势的突然变化.历史上土地利用变化和古湖泊在营养物的生物响应数据方面也支持这些假设.     

Metallothioneins and cadmium uptake by the liver in Bufo arenarum

Bufo arenarum females were treated daily with 0.5 mg Cd kg(-1) during 10 days to evaluate the uptake of this heavy metal and the induction of metallothionein synthesis in the liver. The liver incorporated 26% of the Cd administered, about 6.5 times higher than the average uptake of the other tissues of B. arenarum. Three protein fractions from the B. arenarum liver bound Cd, and were induced by this xenobiotic up to approx. 24 times above the basal level of these proteins.     

全球儿童树

《全球儿童树》是生于德国,长在瑞典、现居肯尼亚的艺术家黑蒂·兰格女士献给联合国环境规划署主办的“每童一树”运动的一幅宣传画。该画以古老优美的非洲猴面包树为主体,欢乐的各种肤色的孩子环绕周围,攀附其上,大象、长颈鹿等在大树下与孩子们友好地相处。这说明,人类离不开树木,各种珍禽异兽也离不开树木。因此,《全球儿童树》的含义在于,