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721.
O. Oku  A. Kamatani 《Marine Biology》1999,135(3):425-436
The biochemical composition of vegetative cells and resting spores of Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus Mangin was compared in cultures under various nutrient and light conditions. The cellular content of major nucleotides such as AMP, ADP, ATP and UTP decreased in the order: vegetative cells, nutrient-starved (vegetative) cells and resting spores, indicating that the general metabolism of resting spores is relatively inactive. ADP-glucose was only abundant in nutrient-starved vegetative cells, suggesting metabolic imbalance in these cells. The chl a–specific fluorescence yield of vegetative cells grown under all culture conditions was low, but very high in resting spores. The ratios of the cellular contents of diadinoxanthin to chl a and of diatoxanthin to chl a were higher in resting spores and nutrient-starved vegetative cells than in nutrient-replete vegetative cells. The diadinoxanthin–diatoxanthin xanthophyll cycle was active in resting spores; the xanthophyll cycle was synchronized with a 14 h light:10 h dark photoperiod. Also, the ratios of cellular content of diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin to cellular content of chl a in resting spores were relatively high in high irradiance, and decreased gradually in conditions of darkness over long culture periods. Under conditions of strong light and high temperature, most resting spores survived more than 40 d while nutrient-starved vegetative cells died within 33 d. These results suggest that resting spore formation is a strategy for enhancing protection and lowering metabolic rate for survival. These physiological changes accompanying spore formation enable resting spores not only to overwinter but also to “oversummer” in the coastal euphotic layer. Received: 23 March 1999 / Accepted: 11 August 1999  相似文献   
722.
In this study we examined how the variation in the distribution of six species of seabird trematodes was influenced by human activities along the subarctic Barents Sea coast of northern Norway. This was done by comparing the prevalence of the parasites in two species of intermediate host (Littorinasaxatilis and Littorina obtusata) on seashores near fishing industry complexes, fish farms and at control sites. In L. saxatilis there were higher prevalences at sites influenced by human activities for three out of five trematode species (Microphallus piriformes,  M. similis, Cryptocotyle lingua) which have gulls (Larus spp.) as their predominant final hosts, while in L. obtusata, only  M. similis was more common at sites with human activity. For  M. pygmaeus, a trematode which has the common eider (Somateria mollissima) as its most predominant final host, the prevalence in L.saxatilis tended to be higher at sites with fishing industry, but differences were not significant. No such tendency was found in L. obtusata for this trematode. The overall prevalence in L. obtusata was lower than in L.␣saxatilis. This indicates that the vulnerability to trematode infection differs between the two snail species depending on the variation in the distribution patterns in the intertidal zone. Gulls tend to concentrate in areas near fishing industry and fish farms to feed on fish offal, which leads to an increase in the transmission between hosts, and to a higher level of parasite infection, locally. Received: 4 May 1998 / Accepted: 18 October 1998  相似文献   
723.
IntroductionChlorinatedethenesareamongthemostcommoncontaminantsobservedingroundwatersystems (Bouwer,1994;McCarty,1994) .Thesecompoundsvaryinnumberofchlorinesubstituents,fromthemostchlorinated,terachloroethene (PCE ) ,tothemonochlorinatedvinylchloride (VC …  相似文献   
724.
Ambient ozone (O(3)) concentrations in the forested areas of the Central and Eastern European (CEE) mountains measured on passive sampler networks and in several locations equipped with active monitors are reviewed. Some areas of the Carpathian Mountains, especially in Romania and parts of Poland, as well as the Sumava and Brdy Mountains in the Czech Republic are characterized by low European background concentrations of the pollutant (summer season means approximately 30 ppb). Other parts of the Carpathians, especially the western part of the range (Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Poland), some of the Eastern (Ukraine) and Southern (Romania) Carpathians and the Jizerske Mountains have high O(3) levels with peak values >100 ppb and seasonal means approximately 50 ppb. Large portions of the CEE mountain forests experience O(3) exposures that are above levels recommended for protection of forest and natural vegetation. Continuation of monitoring efforts with a combination of active monitors and passive samplers is needed for developing risk assessment scenarios for forests and other natural areas of the CEE Region.  相似文献   
725.
Environmental Fluid Mechanics - A wind tunnel experiment was carried out to characterize the flow surrounding rectangular prisms of varying permeability, each set mounted on a stationary plane-bed...  相似文献   
726.
A growing number of people are entering the artisanal and small‐scale mining (ASM) sector worldwide. In Madagascar, millions of individuals depend on this informal activity. Through a case study in the Alaotra‐Mangoro region of Madagascar, our research aimed to understand the “bottom‐up” dynamics and ripple effects of the sector, by looking at the realities for rural communities where inhabitants are both directly and indirectly affected by ASM. We were interested in community members' and miners' perceptions of the socio‐economic and environmental impacts of ASM, and in identifying the factors attracting people living in one of the country's agricultural hubs to this activity. Our results show a wide diversity of push and pull factors leading people to enter the sector. Although many positive impacts of ASM exist for miners and communities within the vicinity of mines, most miner participants considered themselves worse off since starting to mine, highlighting the high risk and low probability of return of ASM. ASM's potential for local and national development will remain squandered if its negative impacts continue to go unmanaged. Accounting for local contexts and the ripple effects of ASM will be crucial in achieving safety and security for miners, and to tap into the benefits it may offer communities while minimising environmental damage.  相似文献   
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The presence of emerging micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors, personal care products, nanomaterials and perfluorinated substances in the environment remains a great threat to the health and safety of humans and aquatic species. These micropollutants enter the environment via anthropogenic activities and have been detected in surface water, groundwater and even drinking water at nanogram per litre to microgram per litre concentration. To date, limited information exists on the fate, behaviours, and pathways of these micropollutants in the environment. The potential ecotoxicological effects on the receptors due to exposure to individual or mixture of these chemicals still remain unknown. This review provides an overview on pharmaceuticals, endocrine disrupting compounds, personal care products, nanomaterials and perfluorinated pollutants, with emphasis on their occurrences, effects, environmental fates, and potential risk of exposure in water, soil or sediment. Based on the literature survey, it was found that in spite of an extensive research and different developmental efforts on the challenges of emerging micropollutants, the solution to the problem of emerging micropollutants in the environment is far from being solved. The needs for behavioural change among citizens, strong political will and policy formulation on the part of government are identified as possible panacea for combating the growing influence of these potential damaging substances. Suggestions on proactive and precautionary measures that must be taken to protect the environment as well as guarantee the health and safety of humans and aquatic species are provided. Future research should concentrate on the development of a risk based screening models and framework that can predict the sources, fate and behaviours of emerging contaminants in the environment is recommended.  相似文献   
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