Chemical composition of precipitation and its sources in Hangzhou, China

To understand the origin and chemical characteristics of precipitation in Hangzhou, rainwater samples were collected from June 2006 to May 2008. All samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, and major ions (NH??, Ca2?, Mg2?, Na?, K?, SO?2?, NO??, F?, and Cl?). Acidification of precipitation in Hangzhou was serious with volume-weighted mean pH value of 4.5, while frequency of acid rain was 95%. The calculated SO?2?/NO?? ratio in Hangzhou precipitation was 2.87, which indicated that the precipitation of Hangzhou belonged to sulfate-based acid rain. The results of acid neutralization analysis showed that not all the acidity in the precipitation of Hangzhou was neutralized by alkaline constituents. The results of sea salt contribution analysis showed that nearly all SO?2?, Ca2?, and Mg2? and 33.7% of K? were of non-sea origins, while all Na? and Cl? and 66.3% of K? originated from sea sources. The principal component analysis which was used to analyze the sources of various ions indicated that chemical compositions of precipitation in Hangzhou mainly came from terrestrial sources, factory emissions, fuel wood burning, and marine sources.     

Assessment of elemental distribution and trace element contamination in surficial wetland sediments, Southern Tibetan Plateau

In order to analyze and evaluate different trace metals on surface water of the Changjiang River, concentrations of dissolved trace metals (Cu, Ni, Fe, Co, Sc, Al, Zn, Pb, Cd, Se, As, Cr, and Hg), major elements(Ca and Mg), and nutrient(NO $_{3}^{-})$ were measured. Samples were taken at 76 positions along Changjiang River in flood and dry seasons during 2007?C2008. Spatial distributions identified two main large zones mainly influenced by mineral erosion (sites 1?C22) and anthropogenic action (sites 23?C76), respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to identify the variance distinguishing the origin of water. Four significant components were extracted by PCA, explaining 74.91% of total variable. Cu, Ni, Fe, Co, Sc, Al, Ca, and Mg were mainly associated with the weathering and erosion of various rocks and minerals, while an anthropogenic source was identified for Cd and As. Although erosion was one source of Pb and Zn, they were also input by atmospheric deposition and industrial pollutions. NO $_{3}^{-}$ and Se were mainly associated with agriculture activities. However, Hg and Cr showed different sources. CA confirmed and completed the results obtained by PCA, classifying the data into two large groups representing different areas. Group 1 referred to the upper reaches which represented samples mainly corresponding to natural background areas. Group 2 referred to the middle and lower reaches including samples under anthropogenic influence. Meanwhile, group 2 was subdivided into three new groups, representing agricultural, industrial, and various artificial pollution sources, respectively.     

内分泌扰乱化学品对动物的影响和作用机制

介绍了内分泌扰乱化学品(EDCs)的作用机制及其对野生动物影响的研究进展。内分泌化学品可能与性激素受体、甲状腺素受体和其他受体(如芳烃受体)结合,也可能通过影响动物体内激素的代谢而对动物的生长发育起调控作用。各实验室的重复实验不支持环境雌激素之间存在协同作用的结论。已报道过的人体和野生动物生殖缺陷中具有充分证据的暴露-效应关系的实例为数不多。尽管野生鱼类变性是英国河流中的一个普遍现象,但进一步的实验证明污水处理场出水中的天然和合成雌激素足以引起鱼类的变性反应,而不是先前怀疑的非离子表面活性剂降解产物。目前尚不能对EDCs对人体和野生动物的健康风险作出正确评价,并有待于进一步研究。      

成矿作用中金银的共生与分离及Au/Ag比值的校正

在内生作用中金与银既有共生的一面 ,又有分离的一面。其共生与分离受地球演化历史制约 ,受控于元素化学性质和地球化学亲和性 ,与岩浆起源、演化有关 ,受控于不同的基底建造和构造单元。成矿作用中金与银的共生与分离可用Au/Ag比值大小来衡量 ,本文提出了根据Au、Ag的地壳克拉克值和工业品位对传统的Au/Ag比值进行校正的方法 ,校正后的Au/Ag比值可有助于矿床研究、找矿预测和资源评价等工作     

遥感调查方法在河北省省级自然保护区生态环境变化评估方面的应用研究

河北省省级自然保护区以自然生态系统类型为主,人类活动较为频繁,将遥感评估方法应用于河北省省级自然保护区生态环境变化评估具有重要意义。本文通过分析高分辨率遥感卫星影像的特点,结合河北省省级自然保护区的实际情况,优先选取分辨率为2m的民用卫星,提出了遥感调查方法在自然保护区人类活动和开发建设活动中自动监测、生态系统格局变化、生态系统质量变化以及人类活动干扰程度四方面的评估应用。     

油料作物对土壤老化残留DDT的吸收积累

油料作物对亲脂性DDT的吸收富集能力是否会更强是一个值得研究的问题。采用DDT老化残留土壤,温室盆栽油料作物花生(Arachishypogaea),大豆(Glycinemax)和芝麻(Sesamumindicum)。果实成熟后将植株分成根、茎、果壳和果仁四部分,GC-ECD测定各部位中的DDT浓度。研究了油料作物对土壤老化残留DDT的吸收积累情况,结果表明,∑DDT在三种作物不同部位中的浓度顺序都是:根>茎>果壳>果仁。含油量高的花生果仁和芝麻果仁中∑DDT浓度都明显高于大豆果仁的∑DDT浓度,这种差异有可能是由果仁含油量的差异造成的。单株植物吸收积累∑DDT的总量顺序为:花生>芝麻>大豆。花生、大豆和芝麻三种作物的根和茎的生物富集系数都比较高,特别是花生的,说明这三种油料作物根部从土壤中吸收积累老化残留DDT的能力以及从根部向茎部运输DDT的能力都是相当强的。     

时延神经网络对宝兴树蛙异质种群鸣叫的聚类分析

对瓦屋山宝兴树蛙3个不同海拔分布(A:山下;B:山腰;C:山上)的异质种群鸣叫的时频参数进行分析,发现三地鸣叫各参数互相重叠,无明显界线.常规统计分析不能使三地的鸣叫聚类为各自的组.使用时延神经网络对三地宝兴树蛙鸣叫的时频参数进行有指导聚类,发现三种群鸣叫有地区性差异,并表现出由个体交流引起的山腰种群群体特征的不显著.推测差异可能是因为长期地理隔离所导致.基于神经网络的分析结果,对各种群间的个体交流情况进行了初步估计.图6表1参20     

果皮、菜叶混合垃圾的蚯蚓堆制处理

在果皮、菜叶混合垃圾中,加入不同比例木屑调节C／N比值和含水量后,接种赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia foetida）进行室内堆制处理,研究适宜含水量、接种密度和温度条件下蚯蚓的生长和繁殖特性以及堆制产物的化学性状。结果表明：蚯蚓堆制处理明显加速有机质矿化,促进有机物料降解,提高堆制产物全N量,降低堆制产物有机C含量和C／N比值。加入木屑虽然在一定程度上抑制了蚯蚓的生长和繁殖,但是,0～30d时25％和40％木屑堆制处理中赤子爱胜蚓生长良好,繁殖较旺盛。相关分析表明,接种蚯蚓并加入25％～40％木屑对促进果皮、菜叶垃圾降解以及提高和改善其化学性状是有效可行的,有利于废弃物的减量化、无害化和资源化。     

改性沸石(Na-Y型)对Ni2+的吸附行为

将天然沸石熔融制得新型改性沸石(Na-Y型),研究Na-Y型沸石对Ni2 的吸附行为.结果表明,对Ni2 的饱和吸附量,Na-Y型沸石为31.04mg·g-1,而天然斜发沸石和Na型沸石(NaCl改性)仅为3.60mg·g-1和7.64 mg·g-1.Na-Y型沸石对Ni2 的等温吸附行为符合Freundlich方程.对溶液中Ni2 的吸附量在初始阶段(0-5h)快速上升,而后趋于平缓.共存阳离子对Na-Y型沸石吸附Ni2 的影响为:Co2 》Ca2 》Fe3 》 K .     

施用秸秆及接种蚯蚓对土壤颗粒有机碳及矿物结合有机碳的影响

在连续四年稻麦轮作的小区试验中,通过测定作物收获后表层土壤(0～5cm、5～10cm、10～20cm)中有机碳(SOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)和矿物结合有机碳(MOC)含量的变化,研究施用秸秆(表施或混施)和接种蚯蚓(Metaphireguillelmi)对SOC、POC及MOC的影响。结果表明:无论是否接种蚯蚓,经连续四年施用秸秆后,土壤0～5cm、5～10cm、10～20cm及0～20cm各土层的SOC和POC含量、0～5cm土层中MOC含量、10～20cm土层w(POC)/w(MOC)值均显著增加;混施秸秆相比表施秸秆更有利于各土层SOC与5～10cm土层POC含量提高。在施用秸秆条件下,接种蚯蚓使0～20cm耕作层土壤中POC和MOC含量有增加趋势;在秸秆施用且接种蚯蚓时,0～20cm耕作层的w(POC)/w(MOC)值均显著升高(与对照相比),表明秸秆施用且接种蚯蚓有助于土壤有机碳活性的提高。田间施用秸秆及接种蚯蚓对于促进农田土壤有机碳库增加及加快土壤有机碳循环与转化均有重要的意义。