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181.
Dietmar Reinert Oliver Schwaneberg Norbert Jung Sven Ullmann Wilfried Olbert Dieter Kamin Rudolf Kohler 《Safety Science》2009,47(8):1175-1184
Several hundred accidents involving the use of circular saws and resulting in injury, to hands or fingers occur each year in Germany.In the presented project, new approaches for the prevention of hand injuries and for the contactless detection of fingers are being investigated for comprehensive protection on circular saws. The basic principles can be applied to other machines with manual loading and/or unloading. This paper describes several principles to distinct human skin and wood and a safety guard that prevents touching the rotating blade. In a first approach a reliable protective device with functional diversity has been developed using a passive infrared sensor in combination with a capacitive field sensor. Second the distinction between skin and wood or other material is done by dedicated kind of spectral analysis in the near infrared region. With a kind of light curtain the intrusion into the dangerous zone near the blade can be prevented.The safety guard protects the operator’s hand within 50 ms. The forces of the protective system peak at no more than 120 N. We are presenting a complete strategy for such different tasks as cutting wedges, stopped cutting and hidden cutting, which have a very high odds ratio. 相似文献
182.
183.
Eben D. Thoma Halley L. Brantley Karen D. Oliver Donald A. Whitaker Shaibal Mukerjee Bill Mitchell 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2016,66(10):959-970
From June 2013 to March 2015, in total 41 passive sampler deployments of 2 wk duration each were conducted at 17 sites in South Philadelphia, PA, with results for benzene discussed here. Complementary time-resolved measurements with lower cost prototype fenceline sensors and an open-path ultraviolet differential optical absorption spectrometer were also conducted. Minimum passive sampler benzene concentrations for each sampling period ranged from 0.08 ppbv to 0.65 ppbv, with a mean of 0.25 ppbv, and were negatively correlated with ambient temperature (–0.01 ppbv/°C, R2 = 0.68). Co-deployed duplicate passive sampler pairs (N = 609) demonstrated good precision with an average and maximum percent difference of 1.5% and 34%, respectively. A group of passive samplers located within 50 m of a refinery fenceline had a study mean benzene concentration of 1.22 ppbv, whereas a group of samplers located in communities >1 km distant from facilities had a mean of 0.29 ppbv. The difference in the means of these groups was statistically significant at the 95% confidence level (p < 0.001). A decreasing gradient in benzene concentrations moving away from the facilities was observed, as was a significant period-to-period variation. The highest recorded 2-wk average benzene concentration for the fenceline group was 3.11 ppbv. During this period, time-resolved data from the prototype sensors and the open-path spectrometer detected a benzene signal from the west on one day in particular, with the highest 5-min path-averaged benzene concentration measured at 24 ppbv.
Implications: Using a variation of EPA’s passive sampler refinery fenceline monitoring method, coupled with time-resolved measurements, a multiyear study in South Philadelphia informed benzene concentrations near facilities and in communities. The combination of measurement strategies can assist facilities in identification and mitigation of emissions from fugitive sources and improve information on air quality complex air sheds. 相似文献
184.
The use of conventional plastic microplates for a miniaturised luminescent bacteria test may result in an underestimation of the toxicity for poorly water soluble highly adsorbing toxicants such as PAHs. In this study, the suitability of microplates for testing elutriates of PAH-contaminated soils was investigated. The LUMIStox test was performed as the standard test in the miniaturised format using contaminated soil elutriates and aqueous solutions of four selected PAHs (viz. naphthalene (NAP), acenaphthene (ACE), fluorene (FLU), and phenanthrene (PHE)). For the aqueous PAH-solutions, we observed reduced light inhibition values for the miniaturised bioassay when using black microplates made of polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) compared to the standard LUMIStox test. This phenomenon was most likely due to adsorption of toxicants to the microplate surfaces with PAHs of lower water solubility being significantly more affected; however, after minimizing the exposure of samples to plastic surfaces, polystyrene microplates revealed equivalent performance (>80% 'relative' light inhibition) to the standard glass cuvette test system. For soil elutriates, black microplates again exhibited slightly lower light inhibition values while white plates made of PS and Barex resulted in a pronounced overestimation of toxicity for a coloured soil elutriate. In general, microplates were applicable for testing elutriates of PAH-contaminated soils. In cases where samples are coloured or turbid, the application of black microplates is recommended. 相似文献
185.
Lorenz M Nagel HD Granke O Kraft P 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,155(3):426-435
Intensive forest monitoring by means of harmonised methods has been conducted in Europe for more than a decade. Risks of atmospheric nitrogen and sulphur deposition are assessed by means of calculations of critical loads and their exceedances. In the present study throughfall and bulk deposition of nitrate (N-NO(3)), ammonium (N-NH(4)) and sulphate (S-SO(4)) show marked spatial patterns and temporal trends. In the period of observation (1999-2004), sulphate deposition on intensive monitoring plots decreased by about one quarter. This is in line with the reduction of S deposition by 70% since 1981 in Europe as a result of successful air pollution control politics under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP). However, sulphate and especially nitrate and ammonium deposition were found to still exceed critical loads at many forest sites, indicating a continued need for further implementation of air pollution abatement strategies. 相似文献
186.
Remotely-Sensed Active Fire Data for Protected Area Management: Eight-Year Patterns in the Manas National Park, India 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Chihiro Takahata Rajan Amin Pranjit Sarma Gitanjali Banerjee William Oliver John E. Fa 《Environmental management》2010,45(2):414-423
The Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands, which once extended along most of the Himalayan foothills, now only remain in a number
of protected areas. Within these localities, grassland burning is a major issue, but data on frequency and distribution of
fires are limited. Here, we analysed the incidence of active fires, which only occur during the dry season (Nov.–Mar.), within
a significant area of Terai grasslands: the Manas National Park (MNP), India. We obtained locations of 781 fires during the
2000–2008 dry seasons, from the Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS) that delivers global MODIS hotspot/fire
locations using remote sensing and GIS technologies. Annual number of fires rose significantly from around 20 at the start
of the study period to over 90 after 2002, with most (85%) detected between December and January. Over half of the fires occurred
in tall grasslands, but fire density was highest in wetland and riverine vegetation, dry at the time. Most burning took place
near rivers, roads and the park boundary, suggesting anthropogenic origins. A kernel density map of all recorded fires indicated
three heavily burnt areas in the MNP, all within the tall grasslands. Our study demonstrates, despite some technical caveats
linked to fire detection technology, which is improving, that remote fire data can be a practical tool in understanding fire
concentration and burning temporal patterns in highly vulnerable habitats, useful in guiding management. 相似文献
187.
Competences over environmental matters are distributed across agencies at different scales on a national-to-local continuum.
This article adopts a transaction costs economics perspective in order to explore the question whether, in the light of a
particular problem, the scale at which a certain competence is attributed can be reconsidered. Specifically, it tests whether
a presumption of least-cost operation concerning an agency at a given scale can hold. By doing so, it investigates whether
the rescaling of certain tasks, aiming at solving a scale-related problem, is likely to produce an increase in costs for day-to-day
agency operations as compared to the status quo. The article explores such a perspective for the case of Venice Lagoon. The
negative aspects of the present arrangement concerning fishery management and morphological remediation are directly linked
to the scale of the agencies involved. The analysis suggests that scales have been chosen correctly, at least from the point
of view of the costs incurred to the agencies involved. Consequently, a rescaling of those agencies does not represent a viable
option. 相似文献
188.
Oliver R. Price Richard J. Williams Roger van Egmond 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(2):356-5942
Current regulatory environmental exposure assessments for decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), used in a range of personal care products, are based on a number of erroneous assumptions. Using an estimated D5 flux to waste water of 11.6 mg cap−1 d−1, a 95.2% removal rate in Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) and a dilution factor of 10 results in modelled surface water concentrations that are up to an order of magnitude higher than concentrations observed downstream of STPs in two UK rivers. A GIS-based water quality model (LF2000-WQX) was used to predict concentrations of D5 in two UK rivers. Assuming the STP removal rate is reasonable, a waste water flux of 2.4 mg cap−1 d−1 is needed in order to obtain a reasonable match between predicted and observed in-river concentrations. This flux is consistent with measured effluent concentrations. The results highlight major uncertainties in estimating chemical emission rates for volatile chemicals used in personal care products and suggest that measured concentrations in waste water are needed to refine exposure assessments. 相似文献
189.
190.
Monica Koek Oliver P. Kreuzer Wolfgang D. Maier Alok K. Porwal Mickey Thompson Pietro Guj 《Resources Policy》2010
Australia is prospective for platinum group metal (PGM) mineralisation (in particular primary magmatic reef, primary magmatic by-product, late magmatic and hydrothermal, and alluvial placer type) but its known PGM endowment is negligible compared to that of South Africa, Russia, the USA and Canada. Most Australian PGM projects are operated by mid-cap or junior companies and form part of larger, more diverse project portfolios held by these explorers. Most projects were ‘hot’ while market conditions were favourable. However, as other metals became ‘fashionable’ and market conditions for PGM changed, so did the focus of these companies. Pure PGM companies are rare in Australia. The search for and development of PGM-only deposits in Australia are high risk business activities. No new primary PGM deposits have been discovered since the mid to late 1980s and none of the significant deposits that were discovered or evaluated in the 1980s have been mined. This review suggests that at least several A$10 million but more likely several A$100 million were sunk into PGM exploration and development projects but none advanced to the mining stage. The viability of Australian PGM projects is very sensitive to (1) metal prices, (2) the US$/A$ exchange rate, and (3) large capital expenditure requirements relative to the small size of Australian PGM-only deposits. Most PGM-only projects were initiated at times of high PGM prices. However, advanced exploration, feasibility studies and project development always lagged behind the price booms. South Africa, Russia and Canada contain approximately 98% of the known global PGM reserves. This situation has a very negative effect on the Australian PGM industry as the well-endowed nations continue to receive the lion's share of exploration spend and new projects. 相似文献