Fabrication Mechanical Properties of Unidirectional Jute/PP Composites Using Jute Yarns by Film Stacking Method

This paper mainly focuses on the fabrication process of long fibre reinforced unidirectional thermoplastic composites made using both natural (untreated) treated jute yarns. Jute yarns were wound in layers onto a metallic frame. Polypropylene films were inserted between these layers and compression moulded to fabricate unidirectional jute/PP composite specimens. Static mechanical properties were evaluated from tensile three point bending tests. Pre- post-failure examination were carried out on the test specimens using optical scanning electron microscopy to analyse the test results and investigate the correlations between their impregnation state, processing conditions, mechanical performances and fracture morphologies. For the unidirectional jute/PP film-stacked composites, the results indicated that the processing condition at the moulding temperature of 160°C and moulding pressure of 2.0 MPa for 15 min was ideally suited to obtain optimized properties. Improved wettability of resin melts due to complete matrix fusion at this processing condition facilitated thorough impregnation with minimum microstructural imperfections (microvoids) being generated. Jute/PP composites that contained treated jute yarns have shown superiority in tensile bending properties. Jute yarns polished or coated with PVA/PP (polyvinyl alcohol/polypropylene) must have contributed positively to fibre/matrix interfacial interactions leading to matrix to fibre effective stress transfer, thereby improving their reinforcing effects. Tensile strength and modulus of PP resin increased by approximately 285% and 388%, respectively, due to 50 wt% reinforcement by natural jute yarns. Further improvements in strength and modulus were achieved by approximately 14% and 10%, respectively, when treated yarns were used . The maximum bending stress modulus of jute/PP composites containing untreated yarns were approximately 190% and 460% higher than those of the virgin PP materials, and bending properties were improved by further 11% and 23%, respectively, due to coating treatments on the yarn surface.     

Synthesis and potential applications of cyclodextrin-based metal–organic frameworks: a review

Metal–organic frameworks are porous polymeric materials formed by linking metal ions with organic bridging ligands. Metal–organic frameworks are used as sensors, catalysts for organic transformations, biomass conversion, photovoltaics, electrochemical applications, gas storage and separation, and photocatalysis. Nonetheless, many actual metal–organic frameworks present limitations such as toxicity of preparation reagents and components, which make frameworks unusable for food and pharmaceutical applications. Here, we review the structure, synthesis and properties of cyclodextrin-based metal–organic frameworks that could be used in bioapplications. Synthetic methods include vapor diffusion, microwave-assisted, hydro/solvothermal, and ultrasound techniques. The vapor diffusion method can produce cyclodextrin-based metal–organic framework crystals with particle sizes ranging from 200 nm to 400 μm. Applications comprise food packaging, drug delivery, sensors, adsorbents, gas separation, and membranes. Cyclodextrin-based metal–organic frameworks showed loading efficacy of the bioactive compounds ranging from 3.29 to 97.80%.

     

Relationship between Pb and Cd accumulations in house crow,their habitat,and food content from Klang area,Peninsular Malaysia

Heavy metal pollution has become a global concern due to accumulation in tissue and transferable effects to humans via the food chain. This study focused on monitoring the accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in surface soil and body content: bone, heart, brain, liver, lung, muscle, kidney, feathers, feces, and gizzard contents of house crow Corvus splendens in the Klang region, Malaysia. The results revealed the occurrence of Pb and Cd in all biological samples from house crows, food contents, and surface soil samples. Heart and kidney accrued high amounts of Cd, while high amounts of Pb were found to accumulate in bones and feathers. Major discrepancies were also discovered in the concentrations of metals between juvenile and adults, as well as female and male bird samples. Concentrations of Pb and Cd in house crow internal tissues correlated significantly with that of bird feathers, but none could be established with that of surface soil. In addition, a significant correlation was observed between Pb concentration in the internal tissues to that of the feces, but the same was not the case when compared with the surface soil concentration. Metal accrual in the house crows feathers and feces may be through a long-term transmission via the food chain, which are eliminated from feathers via molting. This may suggest the utility of molted breast feathers of house crow in the bio-monitoring of Cd and Pb contamination, whereas feces of house crow appear only to be suitable for the bio-monitoring of Pb contamination.     

Methane production from anaerobic digestion of date palm leaflet waste in Morocco

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - The recovery of date palm leaflet waste (DPLW), generated by palms through anaerobic digestion (AD) technology, attracts more attention...     

Latitudinal gradients in species richness for South American Mytilidae and Ostreidae: can alternative hypotheses be evaluated by a correlative approach?

We tested to what extent mean sea surface temperature, geometric constraints in range size frequency distributions (the mid-domain effect) and geographical coastline distance to the equator are related to species richness of coastal Mytilidae and Ostreidae in the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of South America (excluding islands). The location and magnitude of the peaks in species richness, as well as the shape of the pattern, varied between oceans. Results were not biased by spatial autocorrelation, although strong multicollinearity among predictor variables was detected. However, these regional-extent regression models suggest differences in the causal factors that explain richness gradients of studied bivalves in South American coasts, most likely related to historical events such as the Southeastern Pacific Pleistocene mass extinction of bivalves. Our results reinforced the conclusion that there is no single best explanatory cause for the latitudinal gradient in species richness and showed that the correlative approach is not useful when predictor variables are strongly correlated.     

Reuse of mining wastewater in agricultural activities in Jordan

A pilot study was completed in the Al-Abyad area near phosphate mining activity in Jordan. Six plots of 50 m² each were planted with two types of plant species (Zea mays spp. and Medicago lupulina spp.) and irrigated using three types of water (fresh groundwater, mine wastewater, and hydride water consisting of 50% fresh and 50% mine wastewater) to investigate the suitability of utilizing mine wastewater for food production in the area. Water, soil and plant sampling was completed for each plot over different time intervals and analyzed for heavy metal (Cr⁺⁶, Ni⁺², Zn⁺² and Pb⁺²) in addition to major ionic composition of the water used for irrigation. Crop yield was estimated at the end of the experiment. Plots irrigated with mine wastewater showed slightly higher heavy metals concentrations and soil salinity during the experiment period was higher for plots irrigated with mine wastewater compared to plots irrigated with fresh water, and it was uniform through the upper 45 cm of the soil profile due to the high amount of irrigation water used during the experiment. Crop yield was inversely proportional to salinity as an increase of salinity by 2-folds resulted in reducing yield by almost 50%. However, no risk of heavy metals contamination was found in plants and soil. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Long-range potential source contributions of episodic aerosol events to PM10 profile of a megacity

This paper evaluates possible long-range source contributions to the PM₁₀ profile of Istanbul, Turkey. A novel method for classifying PM₁₀ episodic events resulting from long-range transport, as opposed to local ones, was implemented. Hourly PM₁₀ mass concentrations from ten stations distributed throughout Istanbul during the year 2008 were used for this purpose. Hourly backward trajectories for the arrival of air masses to the center of Istanbul for the year 2008 were calculated using the HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model. Significant episodes from these backward trajectories were selected and employed in Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) analysis to estimate the possible contribution of long-range PM₁₀ transport (LRPMT) to observed PM₁₀ concentrations. The PSCF results showed significant seasonal variations. Based on the results obtained, PM₁₀ concentrations observed in Istanbul during summer and autumn are not heavily affected by LRPMT. Mediterranean countries, especially those of the central part of northern Africa (northern Algeria and Libya) are the most significant potential PM₁₀ contributors to Istanbul's atmosphere during springtime. During winter, Balkan countries, including the Aegean part of Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, and Croatia, as well as northern Italy, eastern France, southern Germany, Austria and the eastern part of Russia, were the most important LRPMT source regions for high PSCF values.     

Investigation of soil multi-element composition in Antalya,Turkey

The chemical composition of 73 surface soil samples collected at the city of Antalya were analyzed for major, minor and trace elements to assess distribution of soil pollution, due to deposition of pollution-derived particles from the atmosphere. Comparison with data from rural area and distribution maps demonstrated that the composition of soil by metals is not significantly modified by anthropogenic activities in most of the city and its surroundings. In these areas, observed concentrations can be largely accounted for by occurrence of elements in aluminasilicate matrix of soil. However, soil composition is altered substantially close to major industries and at the settlement districts. In such limited areas, concentrations of anthropogenic elements such as Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu and Cr are factors of 20-50 higher than their concentrations in unperturbed soil. Factor analysis revealed three groups of elements that differ in their distributions. One of these components is unperturbed soil component, which is distributed uniformly in the study area; the second one is polluted soil, which is mostly confined to settlement areas and around industries; and the third is a mixed marine and motor vehicle impacted soil component, which occurred at the coastal parts of the city.     

Minimization of socioeconomic disruption for displaced populations following disasters

In the aftermath of catastrophic natural disasters such as hurricanes, tsunamis and earthquakes, emergency management agencies come under intense pressure to provide temporary housing to address the large‐scale displacement of the vulnerable population. Temporary housing is essential to enable displaced families to reestablish their normal daily activities until permanent housing solutions can be provided. Temporary housing decisions, however, have often been criticized for their failure to fulfil the socioeconomic needs of the displaced families within acceptable budgets. This paper presents the development of (1) socioeconomic disruption metrics that are capable of quantifying the socioeconomic impacts of temporary housing decisions on displaced populations; and (2) a robust multi‐objective optimization model for temporary housing that is capable of simultaneously minimizing socioeconomic disruptions and public expenditures in an effective and efficient manner. A large‐scale application example is optimized to illustrate the use of the model and demonstrate its capabilities ingenerating optimal plans for realistic temporary housing problems.