压电智能骨料动态拉应力标定试验研究∗

为了监测混凝土内部受拉开裂损伤,提出了混凝土内部拉应力监测压电智能骨料,并对其进行了动态拉应力标定试验研究。首先,制备4个压电智能骨料受拉试件,建立拉应力监测系统;其次,对压电智能骨料施加往复拉应力,标定得到其灵敏度系数;然后,对压电智能骨料试件施加单调荷载直至其受拉破坏,得到其抗拉强度及输出的电压信号,对比了破坏过程的实际与监测荷载。结果表明,往复荷载作用下,SA输出与输入荷载呈良好的线性关系,SA的灵敏度系数一致性较好;单调荷载作用下,各SA抗拉强度均高于混凝土抗拉强度。综上,压电智能骨料有潜力应用于混凝土内部的拉应力监测。     

退牧还草地区生态补偿机制研究

退牧还草工程作为21世纪初国家启动的一项重大的生态治理工程。在部分地区已取得了初步成效。然而也暴露出了不少问题。尤其是现行的补偿体系不够完善。无法实现农牧民的适度补偿。因此。建立与完善退牧还草项目的补偿体系。对巩固草原地区生态建设成果意义重大。本项研究在构建完整的生态补偿机制分析框架的基础上。通过问卷调查及跟踪访谈等方法。对内蒙古翁牛特旗退牧还草项目的实施进行实证分析。并根据不同类型草场的产量与承载力。遵循“以失定补”的原则。制定了不同类型草场的补偿标准。最后提出建立与完善退牧还草地区生态补偿机制的途径与措施。     

废乳化液化学治理技术研究现状

废乳化液化学治理技术主要有:Fenton氧化、混凝、电解、催化湿式氧化等。化学治理技术由于反应速度快、处理效果好而成为目前主要的化学破乳技术,但是较高的成本和控制参数的复杂性使得其应用受到一定的限制。今后废乳化液化学治理研究重点应该是降低治理成本、简化操作流程,并解决产生二次污染的问题。     

生物炭吸附有机污染物的研究进展

生物炭(biochar)是指生物质在缺氧条件下热裂解产生的一种产物.由于其精致的孔隙结构和独特的表面化学性质,对环境介质中的有机污染物有超强的吸附能力,进而影响污染物的迁移与归宿.近年来生物炭对有机污染物的吸附特性及机理研究已成为环境科学领域的研究热点之一.本文从生物炭的典型性状、吸附有机污染物的机理、影响因素以及对土壤中有机污染物生物可给性的影响等方面进行了综述,并提出生物炭吸附有机污染物未来的研究方向.     

福建某钢铁厂区域表层土壤PAHs污染特征与风险分析

采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析福建某钢铁厂区域不同功能区表层土壤中16种优控PAHs含量,并对其组成、来源和环境风险进行了分析.结果表明,各样点土壤中16种优控PAHs的检出率达到100%,其总含量范围为68.7—18100.6μg.kg-1,平均值为5084.5μg.kg-1.7个功能区土壤中PAHs主要以高环(4—6环)为主.异构体比值法分析表明该钢铁厂区域各功能区土壤中PAHs主要来源于石油燃料的燃烧.土样中16种PAHs的TEQBaP为6.01—3110μg.kg-1,平均值为852μg.kg-1,7种致癌PAHs对16种PAHs总TEQBaP的贡献达到99.1%,其中BaP和DBA对总TEQBaP的贡献值较大,分别达到61.6%和14.5%.除郊区外,其它6个功能区土壤样品10种PAHs的总TEQBaP都超过荷兰土壤标准目标参考值,表明该钢铁厂区域多数功能区表层土壤均存在潜在的环境风险.     

Complexation of iron by salicylic acid and its effect on atrazine photodegradation in aqueous solution

The photodegradation of atrazine and the photochemical formation of Fe(II) and H₂O₂ in aqueous solutions containing salicylic acid and Fe(III) were studied under simulated sunlight irradiation. Atrazine photolysis followed first-order reaction kinetics, and the rate constant (k) corresponding to the solution of Fe(III)-salicylic acid complex (Fe(III)-SA) was only 0.0153 h^?1, roughly one eighth of the k observed in the Fe(III) alone solution (0.115 h^?1). Compared with Fe(III) solution, the presence of salicylic acid significantly enhanced the formation of Fe(II) but greatly decreased H₂O₂ generation, and their subsequent product, hydroxyl radical (˙OH), was much less, accounting for the low rate of atrazine photodegradation in Fe(III)-SA solution. The interaction of Fe(III) with salicylic acid was analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and UV-visible absorption, indicating that Fe(III)-salicylic acid complex could be formed by ligand exchange between the hydrogen ions in salicylic acid and Fe(III) ions.     

本质阻燃PA纤维及纤维（织物）阻燃技术最近进展

本文首先概论了纤维（织物）阻燃技术,其次重点讨论了两种含磷本质阻燃PA纤维,一种是由含磷羟基羧酸或含磷二元羧酸与己二胺及己二酸共缩聚而后纺丝制得．另一种是用螺环磷酰氯与PA66及PA6纤维反应制得,后者具膨胀性。最后是综述了纤维（织物）阻燃技术的最新进展,包括新型表面改性技术及纳米技术等。     

活性污泥法驯化筛选好氧反硝化菌的试验研究

通过活性污泥法SBR反应器驯化富集好氧反硝化菌.对于在驯化期间出现的污泥膨胀、DM培养液的添加时间和污泥驯化效果都进行了相应的讨论.从完成驯化的污泥中筛选出20株具有较高脱氮效率的好氧反硝化细菌,并对其中的3株FW3、FW6和FR4进行了进一步的研究.结果表明,3株菌的硝酸盐去除率均在60%以上;当C/N为5、pH值为7(FW3和FR4)或8(FW6)、温度为30℃时,3株菌的亚硝酸盐积累较小;在此条件下,3株菌代谢产气中N2含量与大气相比,均高出10%左右.     

Temporal distribution and potential sources of atmospheric mercury measured at a high-elevation background station in Taiwan

Measurements of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), reactive gaseous mercury (RGM), and particulate mercury (PHg) have been conducted at Lulin Atmospheric Background Station (LABS) in Taiwan since April 2006. This was the first long-term free tropospheric atmospheric Hg monitoring program in the downwind region of East Asia, which is a major Hg emission source region. Between April 13, 2006 and December 31, 2007, the mean concentrations of GEM, RGM, and PHg were 1.73 ng m^?3, 12.1 pg m^?3, and 2.3 pg m^?3, respectively. A diurnal pattern was observed for GEM with afternoon peaks and nighttime lows, whereas the diurnal pattern of RGM was opposite to that of GEM. Spikes of RGM were frequently observed between midnight and early morning with concurrent decreases in GEM and relative humidity and increases in O₃, suggesting the oxidation of GEM and formation of RGM in free troposphere (FT). Upslope movement of boundary layer (BL) air in daytime and subsidence of FT air at night resulted in these diurnal patterns. Considering only the nighttime data, which were more representative of FT air, the composite monthly mean GEM concentrations ranged between 1.06 and 2.06 ng m^?3. Seasonal variation in nighttime GEM was evident, with lower concentrations usually occurring in summer when clean marine air masses prevailed. Between fall and spring, air masses passed the East Asian continent prior to reaching LABS, contributing to the elevated GEM concentrations. Analysis of GEM/CO correlation tends to support the argument. Good GEM/CO correlations were observed in fall, winter, and spring, suggesting influence of anthropogenic emission sources. Our results demonstrate the significance of East Asian Hg emissions, including both anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions, and their long-range transport in the FT. Because of the pronounced seasonal monsoon activity and the seasonal variation in regional wind field, export of the Asian Hg emissions to Taiwan occurs mainly during fall, winter, and spring.     

北京城市雨水、树冠水和地表径流中有机氯农药的污染特征

对北京降雨过程中雨水、树冠水、地表径流等介质中有机氯农药(OCPs)的污染特征进行了研究,研究的污染物包括六氯苯(HCB)、六六六(HCH)和滴滴涕(DDT)。结果显示,在雨水、树冠水和地表径流中,HCH含量最高(几何平均浓度分别为11.1、21.6和25.1 ng/L),其次是HCB(几何平均浓度分别为3.71、3.54和5.91 ng/L)和DDT(几何平均浓度分别为2.64、4.66和10.6 ng/L)。对地表径流样品中所测的OCPs组分浓度与径流水质参数和气象参数的相关分析显示,所测各OCPs组分浓度与pH呈显著负相关,与径流的溶解性有机碳含量呈显著正相关,降雨量和雨前晴天数对不同组分OCPs的影响并不完全相同。平均贡献率的计算表明,雨水是城市地表径流中OCPs的一个重要来源,树冠水的贡献也不可忽视。