S-TE污泥溶解过程中主要固形物质的变化及动力学分析

筛选出一株能分泌胞外酶、促进污泥溶解的嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌Bacillus stearothermophilus sp.AT06-2,将AT06-2培养液接种入不同浓度(TSS约为7、14和21 g·L-1)的剩余污泥,于60℃进行嗜热菌溶解试验,并与未接种试验进行对比.结果表明,接种后TSS和VSS溶解率都得到提高60h后接种试验VSS溶解率分别达到58.76%、50.17%和39.38%,而未接种试验VSS溶解率仅为34.00%、28.63%和25.22%.在固形物质溶解机理方面,VSS的溶解主要受酶催化效应和热水解效应的影响,TSS的溶解减量取决于VSS和FSS的组成比例.VSS溶解在初始阶段(t=3d)符合准一级反应动力学模型,接种后溶解速率常数Kd显著提高,分别从未接种的0.14 d-1,0.10 d-1、0.10 d-1相应提高到接种条件下的0.30 d-1、0.23 d-1和0.16 d-1.     

新民市柳河水源地水环境健康风险评价

为了评价新民柳河水源地的供水安全,在简要介绍水环境健康风险评价基本方法的基础上, 建立了水环境健康风险评价模式.研究结果表明:(1)柳河水源地地面水基因毒物质为优先控制污染物;而地下水应着力控制躯体毒物质;(2)对于基因毒物质,监测断面优先控制污染物为As和Cr;而对于躯体毒物质,所有监测断面的优先控制污染物均为氨;(3)在所有监测断面中,柳河上断面等六处有毒污染物所致健康危害的个人年总风险数量级为10-5～10-4.在日后的管理过程中,应对这六处加大治理力度;(4)目前环境健康风险评价还没有包括在常规环境评价工作中,建议在今后的评价工作中应该逐步开展这方面的工作,以提高供水安全.     

Biogenic silica in intertidal marsh plants and associated sediments of the Yangtze Estuary

Biogenic silica (BSi) contents in the marsh plants (Phragmites australis, Scirpus mariqueter and Spartina alterniflora) and associated sediments in Chongming Island eastern intertidal flat of the Yangtze Estuary were determined. The BSi contents in P. australis, S. mariqueter and S. alterniflora varied from 25.78-42.74 mg/g, 5.71-19.53 mg/g and 6.71-8.92 mg/g, respectively. Over the entire growth season, P. australis and S. mariqueter were characterized by linear accumulation patterns of BSi. The abovegroun...     

Multi-scale evaluation of river health in Liao River Basin, China

Previous studies on river health evaluation mainly focused on characterizations at a river-corridor scale and ignored the complex interactions between the river ecosystem and other components of the river basin. Based on the consideration of the interactions among rivers, associated river basin and habitats, an assessment framework with multi-scale indicators was developed. An index system divided among these three scales to characterize the health of river ecosystems in China’s Liao River Basin was established. Set pair analysis was applied to integrate the multi-scale indicators and determine the health classes. The evaluation results indicated that the rivers in the western and eastern zones of the Liao River were classified as sick, and rivers in the main stream of the Liao and Huntai rivers were classified as unhealthy. An excessive level of disturbances, such as large pollution loads and dense construction of water conservation projects within the river basin, were the main causes of the river health deterioration.     

Cd胁迫下水稻叶片SOD活性和MDA含量与糙米中Cd含量的相关性研究

以中嘉早17号为材料,采用水培试验方法,研究水稻超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量在不同浓度Cd胁迫下的变化,并探讨了其与水稻糙米Cd含量的相关性。结果表明,在水稻发育过程中,SOD活性和MDA含量与Cd胁迫浓度呈正相关。SOD活性变化趋势为分蘖期乳熟期孕穗期; MDA含量变化趋势为分蘖期孕穗期乳熟期,且水稻主要时期叶片SOD活性和MDA含量与糙米Cd含量均呈显著正相关。     

温度变化对磷在水稻土肥际微域中迁移和转化的影响

以湖北潜江水稻土为研究对象,研究了温度变化对所施磷肥在水稻土肥际微域迁移转化的影响。实验采用室内土柱培养法,将磷酸二氢铵单施或与草酸配施后置于5℃、20℃和35℃的温度条件下,分别培养60 d或120 d后,对水稻土肥际微域内水溶性磷、有效磷及酸溶性磷的含量和分布进行了研究。结果表明：不同形态磷在水稻土肥际微域中的迁移距离均较短,单施磷酸二氢铵在5℃和20℃下肥际微域中不同形态磷迁移距离相近,均为50 mm左右,培养时间延长对迁移距离无显著影响,但在这两种培养温度下配施草酸时随着培养时间的延长,磷的迁移距离有所增加。当温度进一步升高至35℃时,配施草酸与否磷的迁移距离均比中低温条件下迁移距离减小,仅为42.5 mm左右。肥际微域中水溶性磷、有效磷和酸溶性磷含量均随着距施肥点距离的增加而显著降低。随着培养温度的升高,肥际微域水溶性磷和有效磷含量和累积量逐渐减少,但酸溶性磷含量基本呈增加趋势。同一温度下,随培养时间延长,各形态磷含量和累积量也逐渐减少。不同温度下配施草酸均能增加肥际微域内水溶性磷和有效磷的累积量。但是随着温度升高,配施草酸与否施磷后肥际微域水溶性磷和有效磷含量和累积量均有显著下降,表明温度升高施入土壤的磷的有效性下降,配施草酸对于减缓升温对磷的固定没有明显影响,但是同一温度下配施草酸可以增加肥际微域水溶性磷和有效磷的含量和累积量。肥际微域可以作为研究磷肥施入土壤后迁移转化及有效性变化的窗口,但是肥际微域中磷的变化对土体磷植物有效性的影响程度还需要进一步通过小区或大田试验进行研究。     

泥石流监测预警研究现状综述

在泥石流灾害频发的今天,开展泥石流监测预警是一种行之有效的预防手段。从泥石流监测内容研究(固体物源、水源条件和泥石流运动特征等)、泥石流预警临界雨量、监测预警技术方法、手段等方面对泥石流监测预警的国内外研究现状进行了回顾和总结,并对现阶段泥石流等地质灾害监测预警成功率较低所存在的问题进行了分析,进而提出建议和未来监测预警的发展趋势。     

三氯生对羊角月牙藻生长及其抗氧化系统的影响

以羊角月牙藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)为实验材料,研究了三氯生(triclosan,TCS)对羊角月牙藻生长、光合作用叶绿素荧光动力学参数及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,TCS对羊角月牙藻的96h-EC50为0.112mg·L-1,属于高毒。TCS暴露对羊角月牙藻的叶绿素荧光中ABS/RC、PIabs、RC/CSo和OEC比例等参数有显著影响。随着三氯生浓度的增大,羊角月牙藻的叶绿素荧光中ABS/RC大幅上升,PIabs、RC/CSo和OEC比例下降;当三氯生浓度为0.256mg·L-1时,ABS/RC达到最大值,PIabs、RC/CSo和OEC比例下降为最小值,表明藻细胞光合作用的原初反应及电子链传递过程受到严重阻碍。同时,三氯生对羊角月牙藻体内抗氧化酶系中GST活性和MDA含量也有较大影响。在低浓度暴露下,GST活性随TCS浓度增加而增大,但当TCS浓度超过0.256mg·L-1时,GST活性出现显著下降,同时MDA含量达到最大,这种GST活性的下降同时伴随MDA含量的增加表明藻细胞膜系统受到较大损害。     

黑龙江省霜冻的气候变化特征和预报指标

利用1970-2008年地面最低气温和历史天气图资料,对黑龙江省初、终霜冻的天气气候特征进行了分析,并探讨了出现霜冻的环流形势特点,总结出黑龙江省出现霜冻的三种天气学模型:①超极地路径型;②西方路径型;③西北路径型。给出了霜冻的时空分布特征以及对预报有用的一些预报指标,对霜冻预报业务有参考作用。     

Removal of arsenic (V) from aqueous medium using manganese oxide coated lignocellulose/silica adsorbents

Arsenic (V) adsorption on manganese oxide coated rice wastes was investigated in this study. The modified adsorbents were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and pH measurements to determine the point of zero charge. Batch adsorption equilibrium experiments were conducted to study the effects of pH, contact time, and initial concentration on arsenic removal efficiency. The adsorption capacity of rice waste was significantly improved after modification with permanganate. The Langmuir isotherm model fitted the equilibrium data better than the Freundlich model which confirms surface homogeneity of the adsorbent. Maxima adsorption capacities are determined as 10 and 12 mg/g at pH 3 for manganese oxide coated rice husk and straw, respectively. The adsorption energy indicates that the adsorption process may be dominated by chemisorption. Pseudo-second-order rate equation described the kinetics sorption of arsenic with good correlation coefficients, better than a pseudo-first-order equation. Manganese oxide coated rice husk and straw appear to be promising low cost adsorbents for removing arsenic from water.