新技术革命与江苏淡水水体资源的综合开发战略

近几年来,海洋农牧化浪潮日渐崛起,淡水强化渔业与水体农业试验正积极推行。如同我们的祖先当初从天然采捕业逐步转向种养业一样,人类对水域的开发已进入定向利用时代。所不同的是,随着现代科学技术的进步,将促使这一进程迅猛异常。 江苏淡水资源达2,600×10⁴亩,相当于省内耕地面积的1/3,居全国首位。若能充分开发,对实现工农业产值翻两番必有重大影响。因此,必须充分重视和研究我省淡水水面资源的总体开发战略。     

吸附-磁性分离法处理含油污水的研究

本文提出了吸附-磁性分离法处理含油污水的新工艺。研究了粘土作为吸附剂在此工艺中对矿物油、COD、浊度和色度的去除效果;比较了膨润土、活性炭、煤泥、高岭土等的处理效果。对处理水中悬浮物的沉降性能以及粘土吸附剂的再生等作了初步探讨。在推荐的流程下,可使出水中矿物油<2ppm、COD<100ppm SS<1ppm。     

珠江口底栖生物重金属含量现状与评价

根据2003年的调查资料，结合国内外有关生物残毒理论，对珠江口海域底栖生物重金属含量现状进行分析与评价。结果表明，底栖生物中Hg、Ph、Cd、As含量较低，但甲壳动物和软体动物体内Ph和Cd具有潜在的严重积累问题；甲壳类Cd含量已严重超人体消费标准，软体类的Cd含量等于人体消费标准值，甲壳动物和软体动物的可食性应引起人们的关注。     

Performance of a constructed wetland-pond system for treatment and reuse of wastewater from campus buildings.

A constructed wetland-pond system consisting of two free-water-surface-flow (FWS) wetland cells, a scenic pond, and a slag filter in series was used for reclamation of septic tank effluent from a campus building. The results show that FWS wetlands effectively removed major pollutants under a hydraulic loading rate between 2.1 and 4.2 cm/d, with average efficiencies ranging from 74 to 78% for total suspended solids, 73 to 88% for 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, 42 to 49% for total nitrogen, 34 to 70% for total phosphorous, 64 to 79% for total coliforms, and 90 to 99.9% for Escherichia coli. After passing through the scenic pond and slag filter, the reclaimed water was used for landscape irrigation. There were a variety of ornamental plants and aquatic animals established in the second FWS cell and scenic pond with good water quality, thus enhancing landscape and ecology amenity in campuses.     

Petroleum hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surficial sediments of Xiamen Harbour and Yuan Dan Lake, China

Surficial sediments were sampled from nine stations in Xiamen Harbour and two stations in Yuan Dan Lake during April 2002. Sediment samples were extracted by organic solvents, separated by silica gel column chromatography and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass selective detector (GC-MSD). Selected ion monitoring was at M/Z=57 for petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) and individual M/Zs for each of the 15 typical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nine alkylated PAHs. The results showed that concentrations of PHCs and total PAHs in the sediments of Yuan Dan Lake were 1397 microg g(-1) (dry weight, dw) and 1377 ng g(-1) (dw), respectively. The ranges for PHCs and total PAHs in the sediments from Xiamen Harbour were 133-943 microg g(-1) (dw) and 98-309 ng g(-1) (dw), respectively. Shipping activities, industrial wastewater discharges, fuel oil spillage from ships and vehicles were the main sources of PHCs and PAHs in the Harbour. In addition, the widespread use of coal for industrial processes and domestic consumption accounted for the second largest source of PAHs in the sediments, while atmospheric transport and deposition of PAHs are also important.     

空气微生物研究方法进展与展望

着重论述了空气微生物气溶胶的研究方法，主要有培养基法和非培养基法。培养基法是传统的微生物研究方法，需要花费大量的时间和劳动力，只能够检测活的能够在培养基上生长的微生物，可以大致反映空气中的微生物气溶胶。非培养基法，主要是PCR法，具有敏感性高、快速、特异性强等特点，能够检测出环境样品中绝大多数的微生物，是一种微生物气溶胶检测的有效途径。最后指出实时持续的监测是将来空气微生物研究的努力方向和发展趋势。     

铜、镉对水螅的急性和联合毒性作用

试验研究重金属铜(Cu2 )、镉(Cd2 )对水螅的急性毒性和联合毒性作用,探索水螅(Hydra sp.)对Cu2 、Cd2 以及两者混合的毒性效应,为水产动物病害的防治中合理使用消毒、杀虫剂以及水体污染评价提供一些参考信息.结果表明,Cu2 对水螅的24 h半致死浓度(LC50)、48 hLC50、72 hLC50、96 hLC50分别为0.072、0.054、0.042、0.037 mg/L;Cd2 对水螅的24 hLC50、48hLC50、72 hLC50、96 hLC50分别为0.001 70、0.000 63、0.000 36、0.000 36 mg/L;Cu2 、Cd2 对水螅的安全浓度分别为3.7×10-4、3.6×10-6mg/L.水螅对两种重金属的毒性反应既快速又敏感,其中Cu2 对水螅的毒性较Cd2 快,但Cd2 的毒性比Cu2 的强.等毒性配比的两种重金属混合液对水螅的毒性大于单一毒性,为协同作用.两种重金属对水螅的LC50随试验时间的延长而减小,它们对水螅的安全浓度远低于渔业水质标准.     

A/A/O微曝氧化沟处理城市污水的工程设计

以某日处理量为80 000 m3城市污水处理厂为例,介绍了A/A/O微曝氧化沟工艺的设计思路及参数选择,能够满足设计要求,且可信度高,有实用参考价值.     

Risk analysis in research environment – Part II: Weighting Lab Criticity Index using the Analytic Hierarchy Process

A new methodology for risk analysis, namely Laboratory Assessment and Risk Analysis – LARA, is proposed in the companion paper to assess risks in research/academia environment. The core of this methodology relies on defining the adequate role player factors to assess risks in research environment and their mathematical combination to quantify and assess the risk. Quantitative outcome of the analysis results in a Lab Criticity Index – LCI, constructed as a rather comprehensive function of probability, severity, risk worsening factors, research specificities and Hazard Detectability. Even though the LCI model can be used at this stage, its “surjective” and “linear” properties were outlined; the non differentiation between LCI factors remains to be solved.The present article addresses this problematic, bringing a solution based on a Multicriteria Decision Making – MCDM modeling, namely Analytic Hierarchy Process – AHP. This leads to a refined criticity index being “bijective” and unique for every combination of factors.A preliminary risk assessment based on the LARA methodology is discussed for a research lab working with lasers.     

南京北郊春季含Pb气溶胶粒子来源分析

含有重金属的气溶胶粒子对人类健康有着重要的影响,其中,重金属Pb对人体神经系统有很大的危害,因此,含Pb气溶胶粒子的化学特征和来源问题一直受到人们的广泛关注.本研究于2012年3—4月使用在线单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)在南京北郊对含Pb气溶胶粒子进行连续观测,并结合自适应共振理论神经网络算法(ART-2a)对其化学特征进行了分析.结果表明,南京北郊春季含Pb气溶胶粒子按照化学组成可分为6类:富钾-铅类(K-rich)、扬尘-铅类(DUST)、钾-元素碳-铅类(K-EC)、铜-元素碳-铅类(Cu-EC)、锌-铅类(Zn)和锰-铅类(Mn),它们主要来自钢铁冶炼、城市扬尘、燃油排放和化工排放,贡献率分别为70.66%、24.53%、2.47%和2.34%.