北京城市雨水、树冠水和地表径流中有机氯农药的污染特征

对北京降雨过程中雨水、树冠水、地表径流等介质中有机氯农药(OCPs)的污染特征进行了研究,研究的污染物包括六氯苯(HCB)、六六六(HCH)和滴滴涕(DDT)。结果显示,在雨水、树冠水和地表径流中,HCH含量最高(几何平均浓度分别为11.1、21.6和25.1 ng/L),其次是HCB(几何平均浓度分别为3.71、3.54和5.91 ng/L)和DDT(几何平均浓度分别为2.64、4.66和10.6 ng/L)。对地表径流样品中所测的OCPs组分浓度与径流水质参数和气象参数的相关分析显示,所测各OCPs组分浓度与pH呈显著负相关,与径流的溶解性有机碳含量呈显著正相关,降雨量和雨前晴天数对不同组分OCPs的影响并不完全相同。平均贡献率的计算表明,雨水是城市地表径流中OCPs的一个重要来源,树冠水的贡献也不可忽视。     

Carbofuran degradation in soil profiles

Abstract

Two soils, Puyallup fine sandy loam from Puyallup, WA, and Ellzey fine sand from Hastings, FL, each with a prior history of carbofiiran exposure but with different pedological and climatological characteristics, were found to exhibit enhanced degradation toward carbofiiran in surface and subsurface soil layers. The treated Puyallup and Ellzey soils exhibited higher mineralization rates for both the carbonyl and the aromatic ring of carbofiiran when compared to untreated soils. Disappearance rates of [¹⁴C‐URL (uniformly ring labeled)] carbofiiran in the treated Ellzey soil was faster than in untreated soil, and also faster in surface soil than in subsurface soil. Initial degradation patterns in the treated Ellzey soil were also different from those in the untreated soil. The treated Ellzey soil degraded carbofuran mainly through biological hydrolysis, while untreated soil degraded carbofuran through both oxidative and hydrolytic processes.     

Comparison of surface emissions and subsurface distribution of cis- and trans-1,3-dichloropropne and chloropicrin in sandy field beds covered with four different plastic films

The purpose of this study was to conduct a field study at a Florida field site on surface emissions and subsurface distribution of cis-and trans-1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and chloropicrin (CP) in raised beds injected with Telone C35 with four replications. A total of 16 beds were applied with Telone C35 by chisel injection and covered with four different plastic films, 4 beds for each film. Each bed was installed with five 20-cm long soil pore air probes and a surface air collection pan at arbitrarily locations along the length of each bed for sampling soil pore air and surface air, respectively, for analysis of the three biologically active compounds, cis- and trans-1,3-D and CP. We found that average concentrations of the three compounds at 20-cm depth among the beds covered with four different plastic films generally were not statistically different. Among the four beds covered with the same plastic film, average concentrations of the three compounds were statistically different only in the four metallic PE covered beds at 5 and 24 hours after injection. Volatilization rates of the three compounds among the beds covered with four different plastic films, with the exception of CP at 48 hours after injection, were not statistically different. It appeared that initial upward diffusion and volatilization flux were influenced by solar radiation. Initial subsurface concentrations of the three compounds and volatilization flux, especially cis-1,3-D, were greater in the beds on the east side of the field than that in the beds on the west side of the field. Whether or not difference in initial subsurface concentrations of the compounds between east side beds and west side beds may influence fumigant efficacy remains to be determined.     

Speciation of Cu and Zn during composting of pig manure amended with rock phosphate

Pig manure usually contains a large amount of metals, especially Cu and Zn, which may limit its land application. Rock phosphate has been shown to be effective for immobilizing toxic metals in toxic metals contaminated soils. The aim of this study work was to investigate the effect of rock phosphate on the speciation of Cu and Zn during co-composting of pig manure with rice straw. The results showed that composting process and rock phosphate addition significantly affected the changes of metal species. During co-composting, the exchangeable and reducible fractions of Cu were transformed to organic and residue fractions, thus the bioavailable Cu fractions were decreased. The rock phosphate addition enhanced the metal transformation depending on the level of rock phosphate amendment. Zinc was found in the exchangeable and reducible fractions in the compost. The bioavailable Zn fraction changed a little during the composting process. The composting process converted the exchangeable Zn fraction into reducible fraction. Addition of an appropriate amount (5.0%) of rock phosphate could advance the conversion. Rock phosphate could reduce metal availability through adsorption and complexation of the metal ions on inorganic components. The increase in pH and organic matter degradation could be responsible for the reduction in exchangeable and bioavailable Cu fractions and exchangeable Zn fraction in rock phosphate amended compost.     

总铬自动在线检测仪测定水样中总铬含量

采用总铬自动在线检测仪测定水样中的总铬含量。测定5 m L水样的最佳实验条件为:过硫酸钾质量浓度为2.0 g/L的过硫酸钾溶液加入量1.0 m L,浓度为0.01 mol/L的硫酸加入量1.0 m L,二苯碳酰二肼质量浓度为2 g/L的显色剂加入量1.0 m L。该方法的检测范围为0.01~2.50 mg/L,检出限为0.01 mg/L。方法的加标回收率为97.5%~103.8%,相对标准偏差为1.17%~1.27%。     

珠江口底栖生物重金属含量现状与评价

根据2003年的调查资料，结合国内外有关生物残毒理论，对珠江口海域底栖生物重金属含量现状进行分析与评价。结果表明，底栖生物中Hg、Ph、Cd、As含量较低，但甲壳动物和软体动物体内Ph和Cd具有潜在的严重积累问题；甲壳类Cd含量已严重超人体消费标准，软体类的Cd含量等于人体消费标准值，甲壳动物和软体动物的可食性应引起人们的关注。     

Techno-economic analysis of municipal wastewater land treatment systems in China

This paper analyses the capital costs, power consumption and operation costs of municipal wastewater land treatment systems, including rapid infiltration, slow-rate infiltration, overflow and constructed wetland, by means of series engineering design. The results show that land treatment can save 50-70% of capital costs, 80-90% of power and 75-85% of operation costs when compared with secondary treatment.     

基于社会成本下农用化学品最优使用量的探讨

分析了农用化学品使用的现状及其对环境的负面影响，重点探讨了考虑社会总成本时农用化学品最优使用量的确定，介绍了农用化学品使用环境成本的核算方法。     

超声波强化污水生物处理的可行性探讨

通过对超声波空化处理难降解有机废水机理和超声波辐射促进微生物活性作用机制的分析研究，提出将超声波应用于强化污水生物处理的可行性。同时设计了利用超声波空化反应单元作为污水生物处理的前处理工艺，提高污水的可生化性，和在生物处理反应器中直接进行超声波辐射提高生物处理能力的工艺。分析了超声波强化污水生物处理的影响因素，并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

北京城区雨水径流水质及其主要影响因素

掌握城区雨水径流水质及其主要的影响因素是有效地利用城区雨水资源和控制城市非点源污染的基础。根据北京 1998— 2 0 0 0年大量的降雨径流水质数据 ,本文分析了城区屋面和道路雨水径流的水质变化规律及其主要影响因素城市雨水径流的水质很差 ,初期径流的污染程度甚至超过城市污水。除了空气质量的影响外 ,最重要的影响因素是屋面材料、道路类型及路面污染状况、气温、降雨强度、降雨量和降雨间隔时间等