Effects of spatial resolution of remotely sensed data on estimating urban impervious surfaces

Impervious surfaces are the result of urbanization that can be explicitly quantified, managed and controlled at each stage of land development. It is a very useful environmental indicator that can be used to measure the impacts of urbanization on surface runoff, water quality, air quality, biodiversity and microclimate. Therefore, accurate estimation of impervious surfaces is critical for urban environmental monitoring, land management, decision-making and urban planning. Many approaches have been developed to estimate surface imperviousness, using remotely sensed data with various spatial resolutions. However, few studies, have investigated the effects of spatial resolution on estimating surface imperviousness. We compare medium-resolution Landsat data with high-resolution SPOT images to quantify the imperviousness in Beijing, China. The results indicated that the overall 91% accuracy of estimates of imperviousness based on TM data was considerably higher than the 81% accuracy of the SPOT data. The higher resolution SPOT data did not always predict the imperviousness of the land better than the TM data. At the whole city level, the TM data better predicts the percentage cover of impervious surfaces. At the sub-city level, however, the ring belts from the central core to the urban-rural peripheral, the SPOT data may better predict the imperviousness. These results highlighted the need to combine multiple resolution data to quantify the percentage of imperviousness, as higher resolution data do not necessarily lead to more accurate estimates. The methodology and results in this study can be utilized to identify the most suitable remote sensing data to quickly and efficiently extract the pattern of the impervious land, which could provide the base for further study on many related urban environmental problems.     

土壤和沉积物的有机质组分对水中非离子有机物吸着的影响

在２５℃下，分别测定来自水各地的四种土壤和八种沉积物吸着水溶液中的１，２－二氯苯和四氯化碳的吸附等温线，所有的等温线呈线性，表明土壤和沉积物吸着水溶液中的非离子有机物的过程是分配机理，土壤或沉物的本身用有机碳标化的吸附系数（Ｋｏｃ）之间差异不大，而土壤的和沉积物之间的Ｋｏｃ则存在显著性差异，这是由于沉积物有机质成分的极性小于土壤有机质成分的极性造成的，沉积物质吸着上述两种有机物的Ｋｏｃ约是土壤的Ｋ     

The influence of pH and organic matter content in paddy soil on heavy metal availability and their uptake by rice plants

The experiments were done to investigate the effect of soil pH and organic matter content on EDTA-extractable heavy metal contents in soils and heavy metal concentrations in rice straw and grains. EDTA-extractable Cr contents in soils and concentrations in rice tissues were negatively correlated with soil pH, but positively correlated with organic matter content. The combination of soil pH and organic matter content would produce the more precise regression models for estimation of EDTA-Cu, Pb and Zn contents in soils, demonstrating the distinct effect of the two factors on the availability of these heavy metals in soils. Soil pH greatly affected heavy metal concentrations in rice plants. Furthermore, inclusion of other soil properties in the stepwise regression analysis improved the regression models for predicting straw Fe and grain Zn concentrations, indicating that other soil properties should be taken into consideration for precise predicting of heavy metal concentrations in rice plants.     

城镇基础设施建设项目环境监理探析

以汶川地震灾后恢复重建利用世行优惠紧急贷款四川省城镇市政基础设施项目环境监理开展情况为例,阐述了城镇基础设施建设项目环境监理开展过程中的重点,并分析了环境监理方案和环境监理的形式,通过对环境监理工作的经验总结分析,提供了一些建议以供参考,以期对其他城镇基础设施建设项目施工期环境监理工作的开展提供借鉴意义。     

港口煤翻车机房粉尘污染捕集的设计与应用

对煤翻车机房煤尘的污染现状进行了实际测量与数据分析,得到煤尘上扬的数学模型,设计了翻车机房扬尘的捕集系统,并对系统内各个装置的功能进行了分析。采用吹、吸互补并利用导流板的捕尘方式,使无序飞扬的粉尘变成了有序的流动,该方法解决了大区域、复杂工况环境捕集粉尘的问题。     

黔中岩溶地区草地土壤CO2的稳定碳同位素组成

黔中岩溶地区草地土壤 CO₂ 的δ¹³C值在地 -气界面层上随土层深度的增加而降低 ,在地 -气界面层以下 ,土壤 CO₂ 的δ¹³C值基本不变 .土壤 CO₂ 的 δ¹³C值存在季节变化与昼夜变化的特征 .夏季 CO₂ 的 δ¹³C值最高 (-15.5‰ ) ,冬季 CO₂ 的 δ¹³C值最低 (-18.9‰) ;从夏季到冬季 ,土壤 CO₂ 的 δ¹³C稳定值逐渐降低 ,降低幅度超过 3‰ .在一天中 ,中午土壤 CO₂ 的 δ¹³C值最高(-14.0‰ ) ,早晚土壤 CO₂ 的δ¹³C值较低 (-15.4‰ )     

IC＋A/O＋BIOFOR处理高浓度有机废水工程实例

江西某生物化工有限公司在生产乳酸的过程中产生大量高浓度有机废水,采用IC＋A/O＋BIOFOR联合工艺进行处理。当进水ρ（COD）平均为5 483 mg/L,ρ（NH3-N）平均为97.83 mg/L时,出水ρ（COD）平均为84 mg/L,去除率达98%;出水ρ（NH3-N）平均为12.07 mg/L,去除率为88%...     

燃油锅炉燃烧过程SO2的生成与排放特征

燃料燃烧过程是大气污染物的重要来源之一,对人体健康、空气质量和气候变化产生非常重要的影响。以62台燃油锅炉（≤10.5 MW）的燃料特性分析数据和SO₂排放实测数据为基础,通过统计分析方法,研究了燃油燃烧过程中燃油硫含量S和过量空气系数α对硫的转化率、SO₂排放因子和排放浓度的影响,获得了基于燃料消耗量、燃料发热量的SO₂排放因子EF_C、EF_H以及SO₂标态折算浓度C′_SO2与硫含量S间的关联式。结果表明,在过量空气系数α＞1的燃油燃烧过程中,EF_C、EF_H、C′_SO2与燃油硫含量S呈现出显著的线性正相关性,而与过量空气系数α无关,其关系式分别为：EF_C=18.86602×S,EF_H=443.78751×S ,C′_SO2＝1 509.28337×S;硫转化率η和基于燃料硫含量的SO₂排放因子EF_S则与燃油硫含量S和过量空气系数α无关,其平均值分别为96.3％和1.93 kg/kg。     

Comparison of a diurnal vs steady-state ozone exposure profile on growth and yield of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in open-top chambers in the Yangtze Delta, China

Most available exposure-response relationships for assessing crop loss due to elevated ozone (O₃) have been established using data from chamber and open-top chamber experiments, using a simulated constant O₃ concentration exposure (square wave), which is not consistent with the diurnal variation of O₃ concentration that occurs in nature. We investigated the response of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) to O₃ as affected by two exposure regimes: one with a diurnal variation (CF100D) and another with a constant concentration (CF100). Although the two exposure regimes have the same mean O₃ concentration and accumulated O₃ concentration above 40 ppb (AOT40), our results show that O₃ at CF100D reduced biomass and number of pods/plant more than O₃ at CF100. Both O₃ exposures resulted in larger seed weights/100 pods compared to CF. Numbers of seeds/100 pods were reduced by CF100, while numbers of seeds/100 pods in the CF100D chambers were comparable to those in CF. Our results suggest that chamber experiments that use a constant O₃ exposure may underestimate O₃ effects on biomass and yields.