稳定碳同位素示踪农林生态转换系统中土壤有机质的迁移和赋存规律

为了探讨土壤有机质在降解过程中的迁移、赋存规律,利用C₃植物与C₄植物明显的δ¹³C值差异,选取贵州茂兰保护区内农林生态系统发生转换生长的地域,分析土壤的不同粒径组分和比重组分中土壤有机质的δ¹³C值.结果表明,粗砂中的土壤有机质年代最新,细粉中的土壤有机质年代最老,有机质在降解过程中,在土壤各粒径组分中的迁移次序是:粗砂＜细砂＜粗粉＜粘土＜细粉;土壤重组分中的有机质年代较老,以降解充分、稳定的有机无机复合体为主,相对     

A Framework for Evaluating the Effects of Human Factors on Wildlife Habitat: the Case of Giant Pandas

Abstract: To address the complex interactions between humans and wildlife habitat, we developed a conceptual framework that links human factors with forested landscapes and wildlife habitat. All the components in the framework are integrated into systems models that analyze the effects of human factors and project how wildlife habitat would change under different policy scenarios. As a case study, we applied this framework to the Wolong Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province (southwestern China), the largest home of the giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ). We collected ecological and socioeconomic data with a combination of various methods ( field observations, aerial photographs, government documents and statistics, interviews, and household surveys) and employed geographic information systems and systems modeling to analyze and integrate the data sources. Human population size has increased by 66% and the number of households in the reserve has increased by 115% since 1975, when the reserve was established. During the same period, the quality and quantity of the giant panda habitat dramatically decreased because of increasing human activities such as fuelwood collection. Systems modeling predicted that under the status quo, human population in the reserve would continue to grow and cause more destruction of the remaining panda habitat, whereas reducing human birth rates and increasing human emigration rates would lower human population size and alleviate human impacts on the panda habitat. Furthermore, our simulations and surveys suggested that policies encouraging the emigration of young people would be more effective and feasible than relocating older people in reducing human population size and conserving giant panda habitat in the reserve.     

错流膜生物反应器水力清洗特性研究

采用外压管式聚砜－聚丙烯腈共混超滤膜进行错流膜生物反应器水力清洗特性研究,结果表明,清洗时采用高膜面流速、低操作压力和限制透过液对流传递作用有利于错流膜生物反应器通量的恢复,这符合膜藏去除过程中的传质机理;适宜的膜面流速应稍大于临界流速ｖｋ＝１．９２ｍ／ｓ,清洗时间应控制在１０ｍｉｎ,适宜的清洗操作压力为０．０７ＭＰａ。     

Conceptualizing Discourses on Ecological City and Its Planning

Ecological city （eco-city） and its planning approach are emerging concepts in urban study, urban planning, ecological economics, environmental policy and corporate environmental management. However, opinions remain divided over the connotation and denotation of the term ＂ecological city＂, what key issues eco-city planning can solve, and its specific contents. In this study, we present 10 basic propositions that define the eco-city and clarify its key parameters, thereby providing the basis for discussing the assumptions and principles underlying different approaches to sus- tainable urban development. We then summarize the concept and principles of an eco-city, and define the main requirements for eco- city planning. We conclude that an eco-city is a city in which the urban population, scale of land use and intensity of human activities are limited to the regional resource and environmental carrying capacity, which does not cause increasing or irreversible damage to the regional ecosystem＇s structure, functions and processes.     

公路网规划环境影响跟踪评价初探

新颁布的《环境影响评价法》对环境影响的跟踪评价提出了明确规定,文章基于公路网规划环境影响事前评价的侧重点,提出公路网规划跟踪评价的内容主要包括两个方面:一是与相关规划的协调性分析;二是公路网规划实施过程中环境影响的实时监督,并进一步提出了跟踪评价方法。     

保水剂性能及其农用安全性评价研究进展

保水剂能够吸收其自身体积和重量数倍的水分从而增加土壤含水率、改善土壤团粒结构、提高肥料利用效率,促进农作物生长,在节水农业生产等方面具有广泛的潜在应用价值.本文介绍了国内外保水剂的种类、性能、在农业中的应用等方面的最新研究进展,评述了保水剂对土壤的物理性质、作物生长的影响,并指出其中存在的问题.鉴于保水剂使用不当对土壤环境曾造成危害,因此本文提出在保水剂的应用环节中,在注重其保水性能的同时,还应借鉴化学品环境安全评价的方法,系统评估保水剂的使用对土壤生态可能造成的影响,特别是对土壤微生物生态的影响,避免盲目投入造成的土壤板结、土壤肥力下降等不利影响,填补保水剂对环境影响研究的空白.     

植物相容型生态混凝土制作与性能试验

以碎石、水泥、生物有机肥料、耕植土等为基本原材料,构建垫层(耕植土)、基质层(大孔蓄容混凝土和填充料)和面层(植被层).制备适合植物生长、耐冲刷、具有一定强度的植物相容型生态混凝土.初步探讨了各配比对植被生长的影响、植物最终穿透混凝土块体长至耕植土中的可能性、以及混凝土的力学性能.     

城市室内外空气真菌群落及影响因素研究进展

空气中绝大多数真菌与人类的健康及生产活动密切相关,当空气真菌孢子进入人体之后,会对身体造成严重的危害,引发各类疾病,全面了解城市空气真菌群落特征对于保护城市环境,控制城市疾病的发生具有重要的意义.城市绿化植物是空气真菌主要的来源之一,因此研究城市空气真菌群落与绿化植物之间的关系可为城市绿化植物选择、树种配置和管理方式提供科学的指导.通过系统的文献调研,分析了城市室内外空气真菌的群落特征,探讨了城市真菌群落与各种环境因素之间的关系.结果表明,除北极外,各地空气真菌的优势菌属均为枝孢属(Cladosporium),链格孢属(Alternaria)和青霉属(Penicillium);一年中城市空气真菌浓度夏季高,冬季低;它主要受到空气温度、湿度、风速风向、降雨等气象因素的影响.室内空气真菌的群落组成和数量特征及其动态变化都与城市室外空气真菌保持相对一致.但由于受室内特殊环境因素如房屋通风状况、卫生条件、房子结构及室内拥有者行为活动等的影响,室内空气真菌的优势菌属和浓度特征与室外真菌具有不同的特点.室内真菌总浓度高于室外,并以枝孢属和青霉属为优势菌属,适当的自然通风或使用空调等通风系统能有效降低室内空气真菌的浓度.文中最后指出了城市空气真菌将来的主要研究方向与迫切需要解决的科学问题.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of Beijing: status, sources, distribution and potential risk

We studied the source, concentration, spatial distribution and health risk of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils of Beijing. The total mass concentration of 16 PAHs ranged from 93 to 13 141 μg kg⁻¹ with a mean of 1228 μg kg⁻¹. The contour map of soil PAH concentrations showed that the industrial zone, the historical Hutong district and the university district of Beijing have significantly higher concentrations than those in remainder of the city. The results of sources identification suggested that the primary sources of PAHs were vehicle exhaust and coal combustion and the secondary source was the atmospheric deposition of long-range transported PAHs. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) of exposing to PAHs in the urban soils of Beijing for adult were 1.77 × 10⁻⁶ and 2.48 × 10⁻⁵, respectively under normal and extreme conditions. For child, they were 8.87 × 10⁻⁷ and 6.72 × 10⁻⁶, respectively under normal and extreme conditions.     

大兴安岭南瓮河湿地类型对土壤中甲基汞分布的影响

甲基汞(methylmercury,MeHg)是所有汞(Hg)的化合物中毒性最强的有机物,其毒性远远大于无机Hg. MeHg可能通过食物链的传递进入人体,威胁人类健康.本研究以大兴安岭南瓮河国家自然保护区为研究对象,分析了中位沼泽、低位沼泽、岛状林、森林土4种湿地类型土壤样品MeHg含量分布差异以及土壤性质对MeHg含量的影响.结果表明:(1)总汞(THg)与MeHg含量变化趋势不一致,THg含量的高低顺序为:岛状林[(138. 76±101. 97) mg·kg~(-1)]森林土[(117. 57±32. 44) mg·kg~(-1)]低位沼泽[(71. 8±1. 42) mg·kg~(-1)]中位沼泽[(65. 11±26. 69) mg·kg~(-1)],而MeHg含量高低顺序为:岛状林[(1. 14±1. 15)μg·kg~(-1)]中位沼泽[(0. 87±1. 06)μg·kg~(-1)]低位沼泽[(0. 28±0. 06)μg·kg~(-1)]森林土[(0. 1±0. 05)μg·kg~(-1)];(2)岛状林和中位沼泽中MeHg的含量较高且随采样位点波动较大,低位沼泽和森林土中MeHg的含量较低,每个取样点之间变化较小;(3)沼泽湿地形成的时间越长,MeHg的含量越多,即中位沼泽[(0. 87±1. 06)μg·kg~(-1)]低位沼泽[(0. 28±0. 06)μg·kg~(-1)];土壤p H与MeHg的含量呈显著正相关(P 0. 05);含水率(WC)、有机质(OM%)、总碳(C%)、总汞(THg)含量在中位沼泽地区与MeHg含量呈显著的线性关系(P 0. 05);土壤p H、铵态氮(NH+4-N)含量在岛状林地区与MeHg含量呈显著的线性关系(P 0. 05).本研究阐明了不同湿地生态系统MeHg的分布特点及其影响因素,为全面评价湿地生态系统中MeHg积累及其环境风险提供了数据支撑.