Numerical simulation of particle-driven gravity currents

Particle-driven gravity currents frequently occur in nature, for instance as turbidity currents in reservoirs. They are produced by the buoyant forces between fluids of different density and can introduce sediments and pollutants into water bodies. In this study, the propagation dynamics of gravity currents is investigated using the FLOW-3D computational fluid dynamics code. The performance of the numerical model using two different turbulence closure schemes namely the renormalization group (RNG) ${k-\epsilon}$ scheme in a Reynold-averaged Navier-Stokes framework (RANS) and the large-eddy simulation (LES) technique using the Smagorinsky scheme, were compared with laboratory experiments. The numerical simulations focus on two different types of density flows from laboratory experiments namely: Intrusive Gravity Currents (IGC) and Particle-Driven Gravity Currents (PDGC). The simulated evolution profiles and propagation speeds are compared with laboratory experiments and analytical solutions. The numerical model shows good quantitative agreement for predicting the temporal and spatial evolution of intrusive gravity currents. In particular, the simulated propagation speeds are in excellent agreement with experimental results. The simulation results do not show any considerable discrepancies between RNG ${k-\epsilon}$ and LES closure schemes. The FLOW-3D model coupled with a particle dynamics algorithm successfully captured the decreasing propagation speeds of PDGC due to settling of sediment particles. The simulation results show that the ratio of transported to initial concentration C _o /C _i by the gravity current varies as a function of the particle diameter d _s . We classify the transport pattern by PDGC into three regimes: (1) a suspended regime (d _s is less than about 16 μm) where the effect of particle deposition rate on the propagation dynamics of gravity currents is negligible i.e. such flows behave like homogeneous fluids (IGC); (2) a mixed regime (16 μm < d _s <40 μm) where deposition rates significantly change the flow dynamics; and (3) a deposition regime (d _s ?> 40 μm) where the PDGC rapidly loses its forward momentum due to fast deposition. The present work highlights the potential of the RANS simulation technique using the RNG ${k-\epsilon}$ turbulence closure scheme for field scale investigation of particle-driven gravity currents.     

SO2和NO2胁迫对红花荷等植物光合生理影响及抗性评价

为探讨红花荷(Rhodoleia championii)等12种园林植物抗SO2和NO2污染能力,以1～2年生实生苗为材料,通过人工气候室的盆栽实验,研究不同SO2和NO2混合气体胁迫对园林植物苗木光合参数和相对叶绿素含量的影响,并利用隶属函数法及系统聚类分析法对其抗SO2和NO2污染能力进行了综合评价。结果表明,植物叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和相对叶绿素含量基本上随着SO2和NO2胁迫的加剧而逐渐降低,但水分利用效率受净光合速率和蒸腾速率变化的影响规律不明显。综合隶属函数和聚类分析可知,红花荷和红千层(Callistemon rigidus)抗污染能力强,杜鹃红山茶(Camellia azalea)和粉红羊蹄甲(Bauhinia blakeana)抗污染能力较强,红花银桦(Grevillea robusta)和无忧树(Saraca divespierre)抗污染能力中等,大叶紫薇(Lagerstroemia speciosa)、金花风铃木(Tabebuia chrysantha)和腊肠树(Cassia fistula)抗污染能力较弱,而本地火焰木(Spathodea nilotica)、复羽叶栾树(Koelreuteria bipinnata)和樱花(Prunus serrulata)抗污染能力弱。研究结果为火电厂、陶瓷厂、钢铁厂、石化厂等重度酸污染地区植物选择提供参考。     

雪冰中痕量高氯酸盐的在线富集方法

利用一维离子色谱建立了高氯酸盐的在线富集方法,以期为建立定量检测南极雪冰中痕量高氯酸盐的离子色谱-串联质谱法奠定基础.选用高容量、强亲水性的IonPac AS20阴离子交换柱进行分离,以淋洗液自动发生器在线产生的KOH作为淋洗液,等梯度淋洗.考虑到南极雪冰样品量十分有限,选定5 mL为富集体积,对应的富集时间为10 min.高氯酸盐质量浓度在0.5—50μg.L-1范围内,方法具有良好的线性（相关系数为0.9995）,检出限（以S/N=3计）为0.05μg.L-1.将浓度为0.5μg.L-1的标准溶液连续11次富集进样,所得峰面积的相对标准偏差（RSD）为4.7%.以人工配制的仅含有高氯酸盐的溶液实施了加标回收实验,回收率在85%—108%之间.     

During-incident process assessment in emergency management: Concept and strategy

An incident is normally composed of three stages: pre-incident, during-incident and post-incident. The assessment is a prominent composition in the lifecycle of emergency management for the purpose of quick and effective response. Present-day assessment methods mainly concern the pre-incident risk evaluation and the post-incident loss evaluation. However, during-incident process assessment is of crucial importance to assist the decision-making in emergency response and eventually achieve the goals of emergency management. This paper analyzes the influencing factors of during-incident process assessment and proposes a conceptual model of assessment. Three during-incident process assessment strategies, namely, “mitigability”, “rescuability”, and recoverability are illustrated which quantitatively characterize the evolution of incidents and corresponding responses, and hence contribute to appropriate decisions in practical applications.     

初始温度对可燃气体爆炸下限影响的研究

研究初始温度对可燃气体爆炸下限的影响规律,运用阿累尼乌斯定律,可得出温度与化学反应速度之间的关系式,从而得出简化的温度和爆炸极限影响的模型。利用该模型对5种烷烃在不同温度下的爆炸下限实验值进行拟合相关度比较,所得爆炸下限模型平均拟合相关系数达到0.995 5。结果表明,该简化模型具有较强的可靠性。     

超细微粒灭火剂冷施放运动特性试验研究

通过激光测量微粒灭火剂释放后在受限空间内各点质量浓度随时间的变化.结果表明,超细微粒灭火剂在受限空间内的运动包括喷射运动和沉降扩散两个过程.前者灭火剂在驱动气流作用下在受限空间顶部、底部及墙壁处积聚,质量浓度较高.后者灭火剂微粒受重力作用发生沉降,同时在湍流气流作用下进行无规则扩散运动,在受限空间顶部质量浓度最低;在受限空间垂直方向的一半高度处,质量浓度较高且波动剧烈;在受限空间底部,当喷射结束后有一个短暂的质量浓度低谷,随着灭火剂微粒发生沉降,质量浓度逐渐升高.喷射压力及喷射质量对灭火剂的运动及质量浓度分布有一定程度的影响,压力过高或过低都会影响超细微粒灭火剂的全淹没灭火效果;喷射质量主要影响湍流驱动在初始阶段的支配地位,进而影响质量浓度大小及分布.喷射压力为1.0 MPa,喷射质量为1 000 g时全淹没灭火效果最好.     

超细微粒灭火剂抑制单室火灾的试验研究

通过试验测量燃烧区温度的变化过程,研究了超细微粒灭火剂在单室火灾模型下与4种不同类型火焰的相互作用、灭火时间和效果。结果表明,超细微粒灭火剂具有较好的全淹没灭火能力。当1 000g超细微粒灭火剂施放后,位于微粒灭火剂流动路径上的无遮挡火焰(中央火和角落火)能够被迅速扑灭,灭火时间分别为3.9 s和7.2 s;对于火源功率较小的顶棚火,由于火羽流及热泳力的作用,微粒灭火剂能迅速扩散到顶棚,从而能在短时间内将其扑灭,灭火时间约6.3 s;对于遮挡火,其灭火时间较长,约14.3 s。微粒灭火剂浓度对灭火时间有较大影响。当微粒灭火剂的喷射质量为500 g时,虽然中央火、角落火和遮挡火均能被扑灭,但灭火时间都较喷射1 000 g灭火剂时有较长的延长,灭火时间分别为8.1 s,13.9 s和22.2 s。对于需要灭火剂微粒扩散较远距离后灭火的顶棚火,虽然灭火剂在热羽流和热泳力作用下能扩散到顶棚,但因浓度太低,同时由于其他3处火焰熄灭后,灭火室内的氧气消耗速率降低,从而使顶棚火得到足够的氧气,燃烧反应进一步加强,温度反而逐渐升高,不足以将其熄灭。     

锥形水幕稀释丙烷泄漏扩散的数值模拟研究

采用CFD软件Fluent对有无水幕作用情况下丙烷泄漏扩散过程进行了数值模拟,探讨了上喷锥形水幕对丙烷扩散的影响,得到了不同情况下丙烷体积分数场、速度场分布,并在此基础上讨论了锥形水幕稀释丙烷泄漏扩散的机理.结果表明:无水幕情况下气体扩散稳定无湍流;水幕开启初期会形成较强的上升气流,随后在水幕周围较大范围造成逆时针流场,当水幕成型后,逆时针流场开始偏转,最终形成复杂的湍流流场;一部分丙烷被上升气流带到水幕上方与空气混合,另一部分丙烷穿过水幕或在湍流扰动下绕到水幕后方与后方空气混合稀释后向出口处扩散;开启水幕后,地面处丙烷体积分数下降非常明显,高处丙烷体积分数略有增加.分析得出锥形水幕稀释丙烷气云扩散机理:上喷锥形水幕在水幕附近形成较强湍流,加快空气流通速率,吸卷更多的空气到水幕处,与水幕处泄漏气体混合,同时湍流加强了周围流场流通速率,防止气体积聚,从而达到稀释气体的目的.     

滑脱流动影响的低渗储层甲烷运移采出规律研究

为了达到低渗储层甲烷抽采过程甲烷采井优化设计和产能准确预测的目的,基于现场测井数据,采用非线性流体数值计算方法,以柳林煤层甲烷试验采区为例,对滑脱流动影响的煤层甲烷采场压力非线性分布和产能预测进行研究。数值计算结果表明:低渗储层甲烷运移采出受气体滑脱流动影响显著,考虑滑脱流动影响时,采场压力衰减区域变大,气体速率变快;对比测井产能历史拟合数据发现,计算所得的滑脱流动影响的产能预测值更加准确。由计算结果验证了单井开采具有采场压力影响范围较小,产能较低等缺点,并得出五采出四压裂的布井方式是既能够准确预测产能又能够更好避免井间干扰效应的最优布井方式。     

敞开空间水幕抑制阻挡非水溶性有害重气扩散的试验研究

通过室外水幕抑制阻挡CO2扩散试验分析了CO2泄漏时的体积分数分布,探讨了水幕压力、水幕到泄漏源距离、泄漏源高度对水幕抑制阻挡重气云扩散能力的影响,得到了不同初始条件下的水幕稀释效率.结果表明:水幕压力越大,抑制效果越好;泄漏源到水幕的距离较近时,CO2容易穿透水幕;泄漏高度低于水幕高度时,泄漏高度越高,水幕抑制效果越差.在此基础上得出了扇形水幕抑制阻挡重气云扩散机理,即向上喷射的扇形水幕是通过垂直向上的机械趋散作用、空气卷吸等将重气向上驱散,从而达到抑制阻挡非水溶性重气的目的.