Distribution of Cu and Pb in particle size fractions of urban soils from different city zones of Nanjing, China

Soil samples from 4 defined city zones of Nanjing were randomly collected at 0-5 cm and 5-20 cm intervals and size fractions of soil particles were separated from undisturbed bulk soils by low energy dispersion procedure. The total contents of Cu and Pb in the different particle size fractions of the urban soils were analyzed by HNO3-HF-HClO4 digestion and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer determination. The total content of Cu and Pb in soil particle size fractions varied with their size and with city zones as well. Both the content and variation with the size fractions of Pb was bigger than of Cu supporting our previous finding that there was Pb pollution to different degrees in the urban soils although the two elements were generally enriched in clay-sized fraction. Contaminated Pb tended to be preferentially enriched in the size fraction of 2000-250 μm and clay-sized fraction. While the size fractions of the soils from newly developed and preserved area contained smaller amount of Cu and Pb, the partitioning of them in coarse and fine particle size fractions were insignificant compared to that from inner residence and commercial area. The very high Pb level over 150 mg/kg of the fine particle fractions from the soils of the inner city could be a cause of high blood Pb level reported of children from the city as acute exposure to Pb of fine particles of the urban soil might occur by soil ingestion and inhalation by young children. Thus, much attention should be paid to the partitioning of toxic metals in fine soil particles of the urban soils and countermeasures against high health risk of Pb exposure by soil ingestion and dust inhalation should be practiced against the health problem of blood Pb for young children from the cities.     

Competitive and cooperative adsorption behaviors of phenol and aniline onto nonpolar macroreticular adsorbents

The adsorption behaviors of phenol and aniline on nonpolar macroreticular adsorbents(NDA100 and Amberlite XAD4) were investigated in single or binary batch system at 293K and 313K respectively in this study. The results indicated that the adsorption isotherms of phenol and aniline on both adsorbents in both systems fitted well Langmuir equation, which indicated a favourable and exothermic process. At the lower equilibrium concentrations, the individual amount adsorbed of phenol or aniline on macroreticular adsorbents in single-component systems was higher than those in binary-component systems because of the competition between phenol and aniline towards the adsorption sites. It is noteworthy, on the contrast, that at higher concentrations, the total uptake amounts of phenol and aniline in binary-component systems were obviously larger than that in single-component systems, and a large excess was noted on the adsorbent surface at saturation, which is presumably due to the cooperative effect primarily arisen from the hydrogen bonding or weak acidbase interaction between phenol and aniline.     

城市生活垃圾焚烧炉周边环境空气及土壤中二噁英来源研究

系统研究了某城市生活垃圾焚烧炉周边地区6个焚烧炉废气样品、14个环境空气样品和3个表层土壤样品中二噁英的组成及其含量,并对其来源进行了解析.结果表明,焚烧炉排放废气中二噁英含量较高,周边地区环境空气及主导风向下风向污染物最大落地点附近土壤中的二噁英含量均处于较低水平,且主导风向下游环境空气中二噁英含量与其它地点采集的样品中二噁英含量差别不明显,但最大落地点表层土壤样品与背景点表层土壤样品中二噁英的组成及含量均有一定的变化.主成分分析结果表明,最大落地点附近表层土壤样品中的二噁英可能受到了污染源废气排放的影响,但环境空气中二英类污染物来源较为复杂,具体原因还需进一步的深入研究.     

山仔水库富营养化动态研究

以山仔水库库区水体为研究对象,通过测定水体透明度、叶绿素、总磷含量,应用卡尔森TSI营养指数法和层次分析法,并结合往年监测数据对山仔水库营养化程度进行分析,此外还运用Arc／Info的克里格插值法进行富营养化空间格局分析,最后提出防治对策。分析结果表明：近年来水库富营养化程度不断上升,随季节和降雨的变化出现较大的波动,在空间分布上也出现较大的变化。     

滨海集约农区耕地质量演变趋势研究——以山东省广饶县为例

论文以山东省广饶县为研究对象,基于GIS技术,选取广饶县1979、 2007年两期耕地质量评价相关数据,以50 m×50 m栅格为评价单元,以综合指数法为评价方法评价了广饶县两期耕地综合质量,并分析了从1979年到2007年广饶县耕地综合质量的变化情况.研究发现:1979年耕地质量等级占主要比例的为三四等地,2007年耕地质量等级占主要比例的为一二等地;两期耕地质量等级分布规律相似,耕地质量等级都是从西南内陆到东北沿海逐步降低;从1979年到2007年,广饶县耕地基础设施逐步完善,耕地养分含量普遍提高,使得广饶县的耕地质量等级普遍提高,较大面积的三四等耕地转换为一二等耕地,特别是南部地区耕地质量等级提高程度明显.     

西北部主要城市环境空气质量特征与预报影响因素分析

西北部地区经济和工业的快速发展导致各项污染物排放对空气质量影响形势较为严峻,近几年频发的重污染过程严重影响了当地居民的生产生活,因此开展西北部主要城市的空气质量预报工作十分必要。研究选取西北部主要城市展开讨论、分析,并初步总结了主要城市2013—2015年的空气质量分布特征、预报影响因素、预报要点等,为环境监测系统预报工作人员在未来预报业务工作中提供参考。     

基于LEAP模型的兰州市道路交通温室气体与污染物协同减排情景模拟

基于LEAP模型,构建了2015～2040年兰州市道路交通发展“零措施”的基准（BAU）情景以及低碳（LC）和强化低碳（ELC）这2个节能减排情景,模拟评估各项政策和措施下能源消耗情况和温室气体与大气污染物协同减排效果.结果表明,LC情景能源消耗和CO₂排放将于2026年达峰,ELC情景能源消耗和CO₂排放将于2020年达峰;两种情景下,NO_x、 CO、 HC、 PM_2.5和PM₁₀等污染物排放量于2015～2017年间开始出现大幅下降,下降趋势于2023年前后逐渐减缓.结合措施可行性和减排成本,LC情景可作为兰州市道路交通碳达峰减排情景：到2040年能源消耗量、 CO₂、 NO_x、 CO、 HC、 PM_2.5和PM₁₀排放相对于BAU情景的削减率分别达到-24.17%、-26.57%、-55.38%、-65.91%、-72.87%、-76.66%和-77.18%.兰州市道路交通当前应以公共...     

TiO2光催化净化城市隧道中NOx的行为及经济性

考察了TiO₂光催化降解模拟城市隧道尾气中NO_x的催化行为,并以一个长度为1km和高度为5m的双向两车道城市隧道为研究对象,分析了其应用的经济性.结果表明,煅烧温度为400℃制备的TiO₂-400催化剂的NO吸附性能和光催化性能最佳,NO_x最大转化率为30%.不同的气体组成会显著影响光催化剂对NO_x的吸附和光催化性能,其中对于NO竞争性吸附抑制效应的影响为CH₄≈CO₂>CO,而对于光催化性能的促进效应影响为CO > CH₄ > CO₂.增大紫外光辐照度可提高光催化活性,但降低了催化剂的稳定性.紫外光辐照度为6.4μW/cm²为合适的光照强度.增加催化剂的用量可显著增强NO的吸附性能和光降解NO_x的稳定性.当催化剂用量为15mg/cm²时,NO吸附容量为0.88mg/g,催化剂的稳定时间可达110min.通过简要分析该技术的经济性,表明光催化降解城市隧道NO_x的成本较低,具有良好的经济性.     

南四湖沉积物中二噁英类化合物的分布

用1 3C同位素内标法 ,高分辨率气相色谱 高分辨率质谱对南四湖表层沉积物中 1 7种含 2 3 7 8 氯代二苯并二英 /呋喃 (PCDD/Fs)及 1 2种共平面多氯联苯 (Co PCBs)的含量、同系物异构体的分布特征、沉积通量、毒性当量及来源进行了初步分析 ,并与山东近海 (日照、烟台、青岛 )的测定结果进行比较 .总Co PCBs含量分别为 5 4 4pg·g- 1 dw (南阳湖 )和 41 4pg·g- 1 dw (微山湖 ) .总PCDD/Fs含量分别为 1 0 6 7pg·g- 1 dw (南阳湖 )和1 47 0pg·g- 1 dw (微山湖 ) .两湖含 2 3 7 8 PCDD/Fs异构体对总毒性当量浓度的贡献基本相同 ,即以四—五氯代异构体为主 .PCDD/Fs含量次序为青岛 >日照 >南四湖 >烟台 .南四湖、日照、烟台近海沉积物中的PCDD/Fs对总TEQ (PCDD/F TEQ PCB TEQ)的贡献为68 8%— 93 0 % .南四湖与山东近海沉积物中PCDDs/PCDFs比值和OCDD %∑百分比表明 ,山东省PCDD/Fs的来源较为一致 ,相对恒定 .除河口处外 ,大气沉降应是南四湖及山东近海PCDD/Fs的主要来源 .     

太湖沉水和浮叶植被及其水环境效应研究

运用GPS定位技术和常规采样方法,于2004年5月和9月对太湖沉水植物与浮叶植物的种类、群落类型、生物量及其水质状况进行了调查。结果表明:沉水植物与浮叶植物是太湖水生植被的主要类型,沉水植物群落类型主要有6个:微齿眼子菜群落;马来眼子菜群落;伊乐藻群落,穗花狐尾藻群落,金鱼藻群落,苦草群落;浮叶植物群落类型主要有3个:莕菜群落,金银莲花群落,菱群落。在春季,沉水植物占绝对优势,在夏秋季,浮叶植物则逐渐发展,尤其以莕菜生长最快。通过对有草区和无草区水质的比较,发现水生植被能显著提高水体的透明度、降低营养盐浓度和叶绿素含量,改善水质。