膨润土对鸡粪序批式厌氧消化特性的影响

为考察外源添加物——膨润土对鸡粪厌氧消化特性的影响,在中温〔(35±1)℃〕条件下,采用L₈(23)正交试验设计,考察了膨润土添加量(w,以干基计,下同)、鸡粪VS(挥发性固体)添加量、厌氧消化污泥接种量对鸡粪厌氧消化过程中产气、pH、氨氮形态、EC(电导率)等的影响. 结果表明:添加1.5%和3.0%的膨润土均能显著提高鸡粪VS产CH₄量,并且在高鸡粪添加量情况下达到极显著水平(P<0.01);当膨润土添加量为3.0%、厌氧消化污泥接种量为20%时,VS累积产CH₄量达到301.92 mL/g,比对照组(160.76 mL/g)提高了87.80%;当鸡粪VS添加量相同时,添加1.5%和3.0%的膨润土均能极显著地降低消化料液的ρ(TAN)(TAN为总氨氮)(P<0.01),并且可以减少鸡粪厌氧消化过程中ρ(FAN)(FAN为游离氨)的剧烈变化;添加膨润土还能极显著地降低鸡粪厌氧消化料液的EC. 研究显示,添加膨润土有利于缓解鸡粪厌氧消化过程中氨氮抑制,提高系统稳定性,并可显著改善厌氧消化整体性能.      

青岛市典型海岸带表层沉积物中邻苯二甲酸酯的组成、分布特征及生态风险评价

在青岛市典型海岸带区域采集25个表层沉积物样品,对美国环境保护署（USEPA）优先控制的6种邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）化合物含量进行测定,并对其分布特征、污染水平进行研究,同时展开了生态风险评价。青岛周边典型海岸带表层沉积物中6种PAEs中仅测定出邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）3种,3种PAEs总量为17.10×10-9~3446.49×10-9,各检出物质含量范围由高到低依次为:DEHP（ND~3209.83×10-9）,DBP（ND~2744.35×10-9）,DMP（1.70×10-9~95.45×10-9）。其中个别海岸带样品中PAEs污染较严重,但与国内外海洋沉积物中PAEs含量水平相比处于中等偏低水平。生态风险评价显示,除少数站点外,青岛市典型海岸带表层沉积物中PAEs污染物对环境危害较低。     

水稻重金属生态毒性诊断研究进展

从植物生态毒理学的角度,结合国内外研究成果,阐述了单一重金属和复合重金属在水稻中的生态毒性诊断研究进展,提出今后可以考虑追踪重金属在水稻中的运动规律,探讨复合污染对水稻的生态毒性.     

不同土地利用类型土壤多环芳烃的纵向污染特征及来源解析

为研究城郊地区不同土地利用类型土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)的纵向污染特征,对南京市郊菜地、林地、居民点、城镇用地、水田和工业区这6个不同土地利用类型土壤各1剖面(0～100 cm)的15种优控PAHs进行研究,分析了PAHs的纵向分布和组成特征、影响因素和来源.结果表明,6个采样点剖面∑₁₅PAHs含量分别为：菜地69.3～299.2μg·kg^-1、林地20.8～128.3μg·kg^-1、居民点30.7～142.1μg·kg^-1、城镇用地185.6～1 728.7μg·kg^-1、水田208.3～693.0μg·kg^-1和工业区165.6～739.2μg·kg^-1.居民点和林地没有污染,菜地污染水平较轻,水田和工业区污染水平中等,城镇用地污染较严重.除居民点和城镇用地以外的采样点土壤PAHs集中分布在表层或次表层,但在深层仍有检出,且各采样点各深度大多以高环PAHs为主. PAHs的分子特性及成分含量、土壤的理化性质和土地利用方式均会影响P...     

东部沿海典型城市食用鱼和鸭中二恶英的评价

通过对青岛海鱼和上海崇明岛淡水鱼、鸭样品中二英(PCDD/Fs)质量分数(以脂肪计)的分析测定,并根据每日摄入量可能带来的健康风险进行了初步探讨. 青岛海鱼和崇明岛淡水鱼中w(2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs)的平均值分别为54.5 和33.2 pg/g. 崇明岛鸭肉中w(2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs)平均值为12.6 pg/g. 与国内外相比,w(2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs)较低. PCDD/Fs的毒性当量浓度(WHO-TEQ)平均值为7.04 pg/g. 通过每日摄入量估计,两地人群的PCDD/Fs每日摄入量不会对人体健康产生严重的负面影响.      

Variation of grain Cd and Zn concentrations of 110 hybrid rice cultivars grown in a low-Cd paddy soil

Enhanced Cd uptake and Zn depletion in rice grains and high potential for food Cd exposure by the high-yielding hybrid cultivars of China had been addressed. A field experiment was conducted in 2006 to determine the di erence in grain Cd and Zn between cultivars. Total 110 cultivars including super rice and common hybrid rice cultivars were grown on a single paddy soil (Entic Haplaquept) with a neutral reaction and low total Cd content. Grain Cd and Zn concentrations were determined with graphite atomic adsorption spectrophotometer (GFAAS) and flame atomic adsorption spectrophotometer (AAS) respectively.Wide variation of Cd content in grain was found in a range of 0.004–0.057 mg/kg, while the Zn content in a range of 10.25–30.06 mg/kg among the cultivars. Higher Cd but lower Zn concentration in grains of super rice cultivars was observed compared to the common hybrid ones. A highly significant positive linear correlation of grain Cd/Zn with grain Cd was found for super rice and common hybrid cultivars, meanwhile much higher slope for these hybrid cultivars than the reported non-hybrid cultivars was also observed. Using the limit value of the Chinese chemical guidelines for foods (MOHC and SSC, 2005), calculated potential risk of food Cd exposure with “Zn hungry” through diet intake was prominent with all the studied 110 hybrid rice cultivars, possessing high potential health problems for rice production in South China using the super rice cultivars. Breeding of genotypes of rice cultivars with low grain Cd and low Cd/Zn ratio is needed for rice production in acidic red soils where Cd bioavailability is prevalently high.     

多频管中电流法防腐层检测评级参数影响研究

多频管中电流法通过计算管道防腐层绝缘电阻来判断管道外防腐层的状态,近年来得到较为广泛的应用.但对于丘陵山地的埋地输油气气管道,其评价结果与实际状态有一定差距.通过研究发现,评价结果与实际状态不符的主要原因是:管道分布电容、管道分布电感在GDWFF处理软件中对防腐层评价结果影响较大,尤其是管道分布电感是关键参数.为此,修正了多频管中电流法评价软件给出的管道分布电感推荐值,并采用现场开挖的方式进行验证,说明评价结果更符合山地实际.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域土壤侵蚀情景模拟——以静宁县清水沟流域为例

基于遥感融合影像和GIS技术,借助通用土壤流失方程计算土壤侵蚀量,采用情景分析法,评价黄土丘陵沟壑区清水沟流域实施不同水土保持和退耕还林（草）措施对土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明：水土保持措施减少土壤侵蚀的效益显著,相对而言,生物措施减少土壤侵蚀的效益强于工程措施,不同退耕还林（草）方案对流域总体土壤侵蚀影响差异较大。组合情景对土壤侵蚀影响很大,部分组合情景的土壤侵蚀甚至可低于土壤侵蚀背景值。     

三株溶藻菌对水华鱼腥藻抗氧化酶活性的影响

研究了三株溶藻菌L7,L8和L18的溶藻活性代谢产物对水华鱼腥藻（Anabaena flos—aquae）超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide dismutase,SOD）比活性、过氧化氢酶（Catalase,CAT）比活性和膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（Malondialdehyde,MDA）浓度的影响,试图从藻类的抗氧化酶系的变化揭示溶藻活性代谢产物的溶藻机制。在L7,L8和L18的溶藻活性代谢产物胁迫下,水华鱼腥藻的SOD比活性显著升高,MDA浓度急剧上升。加入L18的溶藻活性代谢产物后,水华鱼腥藻的CAT比活性显著高于空白组,L7和L8的溶藻活性代谢产物对水华鱼腥藻的CAT比活性无显著影响。     

Synthesis, characterization, and adsorption performance of Pb（Ⅱ）-imprinted polymer in nano-TiO2 matrix

Surface ion-imprinted in combination with sol-gel process was applied to synthesis a new Pb(II)-imprinted polymer for selective separation and enrichment of trace Pb(II) from aqueous solution. The prepared material was characterized by using the infrared spectra, X-ray di ractometer, and scanning electron microscopy. The batch experiments were conducted to study the optimal adsorption condition of adsorption trace Pb(II) from aqueous solutions on Pb(II)-imprinted polymer. The equilibrium was achieved in approximately 4.0 h, and the experimental kinetic data were fitted the pseudo second-order model better. The maximum adsorption capacity was 22.7 mg/g, and the Langmuir equation fitted the adsorption isotherm data. The results of selectivity experiment showed that selectively adsorbed rate of Pb(II) on Pb(II)-imprinted polymer was higher than all other studied ions. Desorption conditions of the adsorbed Pb(II) from the Pb(II)-imprinted polymer were also studied in batch experiments. The prepared Pb(II)-imprinted polymer was shown to be promising for the separation and enrichment of trace Pb(II) from water samples. The adsorption and desorption mechanisms were proposed.