亚铁添加条件下潜流湿地中氮和化学需氧量的去除效应

为了强化水平潜流人工湿地脱氮和去除化学需氧量的效果,文章利用模拟实验开展了不同浓度的亚铁(Fe~(2+))添加对其去除效果的影响研究,并初步探讨了其作用机理。研究结果表明,添加Fe~(2+)影响了水平潜流人工湿地脱氮和去除化学需氧量的能力,而且各形态的氮素和化学需氧量的去除率随水力停留时间的延长而增大。添加高浓度Fe~(2+)(≥50 mg/L)促进了湿地系统总氮和硝态氮的去除,其去除率分别超过67.7%和72.6%;而对铵态氮去除效果的影响不明显;添加低浓度Fe~(2+)(≤10 mg/L)限制了硝态氮和铵态氮的去除,而对总氮的去除效果的影响较弱。添加高浓度Fe~(2+)(≥50 mg/L)显著促进水平潜流人工湿地化学需氧量的去除,水力停留时间为24 h,其去除率均高于91%,而添加低浓度Fe~(2+)(≤10 mg/L)对促进化学需氧量的去除效果不明显,但其去除率略高于对照组,表明添加Fe~(2+)可以提高水中易降解有机物的去除能力。Fe~(2+)进入湿地系统后,水中可溶性总铁、Fe~(2+)和Fe3+浓度迅速下降,5 h后基本保持平稳,其中可溶性总铁浓度低于3.2 mg/L。添加Fe~(2+)明显降低了人工湿地出水的pH和氧化还原电位,并发生了显著变化。因此,添加适宜浓度Fe~(2+)(50 mg/L)可促进水平潜流湿地对氮素和化学需氧量的去除,可以为人工湿地强化技术研发提供理论依据。     

黑河中下游防风固沙功能时空变化及影响因子分析

黑河中下游是我国重要的防风固沙生态功能区,分析该区域的防风固沙功能时空变化,明确其主要的影响因子贡献,对于指导荒漠化防治、维护流域生态安全十分重要.该研究基于修正风蚀方程(revised wind erosion equation,RWEQ)、一元线性回归斜率分析、灰色关联分析和GIS技术,分析了2000—2017年黑河中下游防风固沙功能动态变化及其影响因子.结果表明:①2000—2017年,黑河中下游年均防风固沙量为3.2×109 t,年均防风固沙功能约为2.44×104 t/km2;防风固沙量总体呈增强趋势,年均增加6.67×107 t,年均变化率为1.85%.②区域防风固沙功能呈现中游较强,向下游递减的空间分布特征,防风固沙功能较高区约占研究区面积的31.54%,一般区占20.77%,较低区(北部荒漠区)占47.69%;甘肃省张掖市和嘉峪关市防风固沙功能呈增加趋势,回归方程系数(slope)为0~26.29%,占总面积的12.51%;额济纳旗东北部和甘肃省高台县中部防风固沙功能呈下降趋势,回归方程系数为-17.17%~0,占总面积的23.30%.③防风固沙功能主要影响因子中,风力因子最主要,贡献率为30.04%,其次为积雪覆盖、土壤湿度、植被覆盖,贡献率分别为24.57%、24.26%和21.13%.研究显示,防风固沙工程应综合考虑气候变化、植被覆盖、土壤特性及人类活动的复合影响,实行具有空间差异化的方案.      

Optimal range of plug-in electric vehicles in Beijing and Shanghai

Both China’s national subsidy policies for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) purchasers and passenger cars corporate average fuel consumption and new vehicle credit regulation (dual-credit policy) favor long-range 300+ km battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and 80+ km plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). However, these electric vehicles tend to have lower energy efficiency and higher purchase and operation costs. Vehicle with larger batteries can also be less equitable because the subsidies are often provided to more expensive vehicles and wealthier owners. This study takes advantage of a novel dataset of daily driving data from 39,854 conventional gasoline vehicles in Beijing and 4999 PHEVs in Shanghai to determine the optimal range of BEVs and PHEVs within their respective cities. We simulate a model to explore ranges with which PEVs emit less GHGs than that of a baseline hybrid and conventional gasoline vehicle while ensuring that all daily travel demands are met. Our findings indicate that in both cities, the optimal ranges to balance cost and travel demand for BEVs are 350 km or less and for PHEVs are 60 km or less in Beijing and 80 km or less in Shanghai. We also find that to minimize carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, the ranges are even lower 10 km in Beijing and 30 km in Shanghai. Our study suggests that instead of encouraging long-range PEVs, governments should subsidize PEV models with shorter ranges. Parallel efforts should also be made to both increase renewable energy over fossil fuels and expand charging facilities. Although individual mobility demand varies, the government could reduce occasional long-distance driving by subsidizing alternative transportation choices. Providing week-long driving trials to consumers before their purchases may help decrease the demand of very long range PEVs by alleviating the range anxiety through a learning process.

     

漆酶降解有机污染物的研究进展

文章综述了漆酶的来源及性质、催化氧化机制、催化氧化有机物的作用方式及影响其活性的因素,并分析了其在有机污物染治理方面的应用现状。综合国内外研究现状,开发新型的漆酶磁性纳米固定化材料及构建高效产漆酶基因工程菌是实现漆酶工业化应用的重要研究方向。     

机载产品盐雾试验结果评定判据分析与探讨

针对当前机载产品盐雾试验标准中缺少明确、可量化评估指标,试验结果评定判据粗略笼统且以定性评价为主,已不能满足产品发展和使用环境扩展需求等现状,在总结国内外现行盐雾试验标准的结果评定要求基础上,分析当前机载产品盐雾结果评定判据存在的问题与不足,从管理和技术两个层面提出改进试验结果评定可操作性的建议,指导机载产品盐雾试验实施与评价。     

新型防腐涂层对直升机典型结构材料防护性能研究

目的研究新型防腐涂层对直升机典型结构用铝合金及复合材料在热带海洋性气候环境下的防护性能,并与原防护涂层进行对比。方法通过测试涂层腐蚀后的形貌、光泽度、色差、电化学阻抗等,对比新/原涂层对直升机典型结构用铝合金和复合材料的防护性能。结果经过2年腐蚀后,新涂层表面无明显变化,而原涂层表面有轻微腐蚀,光泽度和色差下降较大。电化学阻抗测试表明,暴露前后涂层结构无明显变化,涂层阻抗值呈现持续下降的趋势,但是原涂层阻抗下降更快。结论新涂层对直升机典型铝合金和复合材料有更好的防护性,更加适于海洋性环境的使用。