Revised Air Quality Surveillance Requirements for State Implementation Plans

The National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Program is carried out by state and local air pollution control agencies in support of their State Implementation Plans (SIP’s). The current EPA regulations which specify the characteristics of these state monitoring programs are undergoing change as a result of a comprehensive review by an independent work group. These revised regulations, which are described in the paper, are intended to improve the quality, timeliness, and usability of the data generated by the states for all data users. In addition, the revised regulations seek to bring about; (a) national consistency in monitoring site locations through standardized siting procedures; (b) improved network operations by means of a minimum quality assurance program; (c) reduced network inflexibility through an annual network review process; and (d) reduced data reporting through changed data reporting procedures.     

Free Enterprise and Air Pollution Control

Abstract

Title III of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments designated methanol as a pollutant to be regulated. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), through a contract with Research Triangle Institute, has developed a method for measuring methanol emissions from stationary sources. The methanol sampling train (MST) consists of a glass-lined heated probe, two condensate knockout traps, and three sorbent cartridges packed with Anasorb® 747. Samples are desorbed with a 1:1 mixture of carbon disulfide (CS₂) and N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Condensate water and CS₂/ DMF samples are analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The MST has a practical quantitation limit of approximately 3 ppm for a 20-L sample. Samples were shown to be stable for at least two weeks after collection.

Field tests of the MST and the National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI) methanol sampling method were conducted at two pulp and paper mills. Sampling and analysis procedures followed EPA Method 301 requirements.

The sampling location for the first field test was the inlet vent to a softwood bleach plant scrubber, where the methanol concentration was approximately 30 ppm. The mean recovery of spike was 108.3% for the MST method and 81.6% for the NCASI method. Although neither method showed significant bias at the 95% confidence level, the betweenmethods bias was significantly different.

A second field test was conducted at a vent from a black liquor oxidation tank where the methanol concentration was approximately 350 ppm. Mean spike recoveries were 96.6 and 94.2% for the MST and NCASI methods, respectively. The biases of the two methods and the between-methods bias were not significantly different for the second field test.     

烟草对重金属锰的吸收积累及其相互影响

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了烟草对土壤中重金属锰的吸收、耐性和积累效应。试验结果表明,锰对作物的生长发育有较明显的刺激作用或毒害效应,烟草对土壤中的Mn具有很强的耐性和累积能力。当土壤中Mn处理浓度为1500mg/kg时,虽然烟草生物量与对照相比有所降低,但植株仍能生长。随着生长介质中Mn浓度的升高,烟草叶、茎和根的Mn含量逐渐增加。当Mn处理浓度为2500mg/kg时,烟草仍能完成整个生命周期,烟草地上部分锰积累量达到最大值13501.36mg/kg。当Mn浓度>1500mg/kg时,烟草吸收的锰有76.6%～88.1%被转移到地上部分。说明烟草适合较高程度Mn污染土壤的修复。     

基于CMAQ模型的大连市大气氮湿沉降模拟研究

为了探讨大连市大气氮氧化物湿沉降的污染特征,通过监测站采集2012年内大连市的雨水样品,分析了氮氧化物的沉降浓度及沉降规律.同时,采用CMAQ模型MM5气象模式对大连市大气氮湿沉降进行了模拟研究,并在相关模拟模型的预报因子中增加氮氧化物污染源动态变化信息进行修正.结果表明:大连市大气氮湿沉降中硝酸根离子的平均当量浓度值为71.73μeq·L-1,铵根离子为98.91μeq·L-1;大连大气中氮氧化物沉降当量浓度随季节变化明显,且不同时期波动显著.CMAQ模型的模拟结果与实测数据相比存在偏差;经修正后模型模拟的结果更加逼近观测值,充分说明利用该修正模型在一定程度上修正了源清单不确定性对模拟结果造成的影响,利用修正后模型进行模拟具有可靠的准确性与可行性,可为大连市环境影响评估及控制效益评价提供科学依据.     

雷州半岛地下水化学特征及控制因素分析

雷州半岛地下水资源为雷州半岛经济社会发展提供有力的资源支撑,厘清该区地下水化学特征及形成机制对水资源的合理开采及可持续利用具有重要意义.本研究采集43组雷州半岛地下水样品,运用描述性统计分析、Piper三线图、Arc GIS空间插值、Gibbs图以及离子比值等方法分析地下水水化学特征及其控制因素.结果表明:(1)研究区地下水阴阳离子以HCO₃^-、Ca²⁺和Na⁺为主,水化学类型以HCO₃-Cl-Na-Ca、HCO₃-Cl-Na-Ca-Mg、HCO₃-Cl-Na-Mg和HCO₃-Na型为主.研究区地下水中的Cl^-、SO₄^2-和Na⁺在雷州市西部含量较高,在其他区域均较低,HCO₃^-、NO₃^-、Ca²⁺、Mg^2+...     

旱地作物根际和非根际土壤硝酸盐异化还原成铵细菌群落组成的研究

为研究典型旱地农田土壤硝酸盐异化还原成铵过程(Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium,DNRA)的群落组成,针对DNRA过程的功能基因nrfA进行高通量测序.根际和非根际、4种典型农作物共16个样品,质控后每个样品得到87000条序列,在相似度≥90%下划分到27952个OTUs,选取其中丰度较高的258个代表OTUs进行生态学分析.多样性分析(OTUs水平)结果表明:3/4的作物根际土壤样品中的DNRA群落丰富度、物种多样性和物种均匀度高于相应非根际样品,对比4种作物,粟作物根部土壤DNRA群落多样性最高,玉米作物非根际土壤最低.对代表OTUs进行分类,共定义到6个门(Phylum),19个属(Genus).其中相对丰度最高的3个属为Hyalangium(29.31%)、Chthoniobacter(20.33%)和Nitrospira(13.41%),表明三者在群落组成中占主导地位.结合土壤理化因子分析,DNRA群落相对丰度与NO~-_2-N、TN、含水率、TOM、pH及温度呈显著相关关系.本研究在一定程度上揭示了旱地农田土壤DNRA细菌的群落组成、多样性及与土壤环境因子的关系,为提高氮肥的利用效率和减小环境污染提供理论依据.     

HACH仪器法与回流法测定COD的对比实验

化学需氧量测定方法是否快捷、准确,决定了水质监测/检验的工作效率及数据的可靠性.HACH仪器法操作简单、数据可靠,具有测定范围广、试剂用量小、对环境二次污染小等优点.     

对氯苯甲酸用于测量OH#方法探讨2.误差分析

对氯苯甲酸用于测量臭氧氧化过程中产生的OH.浓度时会产生误差.为了研究误差的大小,进行了臭氧的间歇实验,以测量臭氧分解速率常数k.通过对比乙二酸、甲苯和腐殖酸溶液中投加对氯苯甲酸前后k值的变化,判断投加的对氯苯甲酸是否能引起测量误差及误差大小.试验结果表明,含清除剂少的水样,对氯苯甲酸测量OH.浓度时会引起很大的误差.在对氯苯甲酸捕获率小于10%的水样中,对氯苯甲酸测量OH.时产生的误差小.在捕获率大于20%的水样中,采用对氯苯甲酸测量OH.会产生较大误差,不能用来测量OH.浓度.