黔西北山区耕地重金属健康风险评价及环境基准

以贵州省西北某典型喀斯特山区耕地为研究区,通过对137组土壤-农作物协同样品中重金属（Cd、 Hg、 As、 Pb和Cr）含量进行检测,系统评价了区域土壤和农作物中重金属健康暴露风险,并基于物种敏感分布模型（SSD）反推区域耕地土壤环境风险基准值.结果表明：研究区玉米和水稻土壤均受到不同程度重金属（Cd、 Hg、 As、 Pb和Cr）污染,其中Cd为首要污染物,超标率在87%～445%之间,且玉米地>水稻田;与土壤重金属高污染水平相反,仅有3.51%和13.04%的玉米籽粒和稻米中Cd含量超过国家食品安全限量标准,重金属Cd累积能力为水稻>玉米.健康风险评价结果显示,重金属对研究区成人和儿童的致癌/非致癌风险均处于较低水平,稻米摄入的致癌风险略高于玉米,儿童的健康风险值均高于成人.研究区土壤环境基准值是基于保护95%（HC₅）和5%(HC₉₅)的作物品种安全所得的土壤风险值,玉米土壤Cd、 As、 Pb和Cr的HC₅值分别为0.67、 771.99、 40.85和609.88 mg·kg^-1     

四川省农村环境空气污染源分布及其对自动监测点位设置影响的研究

将四川省农村地区分成平原和浅丘区、小起伏山地和高丘区、高山峡谷区三种类型区域。利用GIS软件,将四川省划分网格,分别统计每个网格中的工业废气污染点源数量和主要交通线路长度,得出四川省工业废气污染点源密度分级图和四川省主要公路密度分布图,以及结合农村污染面源的情况分析,总结出农村区域的主要污染密度分布类型。结果表明,在一定区域范围内,农村平原和浅丘区的工业源、交通源、农村面源分布均匀;高丘区、小起伏山区、高山峡谷区的污染源分布均具有明显的地理分布特性,山间平地和山谷台地的污染源分布密度高;根据四川省污染源分布规律给农村空气自动监测布点提供了指导。     

采油作业区节能减排探索与实践

H作业区经过对节能减排中问题的总结,实施了哈得四联合站放空气回收轻烃外输、哈得一联合站二段气回收、污水闭路循环回收利用、淡化水流程优化等节能减排工程,促进了节能减排,减少了碳排放,实现了清洁生产,取得了较好的经济效益和环境效益。     

三苯基锡对热带爪蟾胚胎的致畸效应

用于船舶防污漆和农作物杀菌剂的三苯基锡(TPT)对淡水生态环境具有潜在的危害.用1 ～6 μgSn/L的TPT对热带爪蟾(Xenopus tropicalis)胚胎从NF11/12阶段开始进行72h暴露.结果表明,6μgSn/L暴露组胚胎的存活率比对照组降低了83％,3.5 μgSn/L及以上质量浓度的TPT暴露使胚胎的体长减少16％～35％,2.25μgSn/L及以上质量浓度暴露组胚胎的总畸形率均达100％.畸形现象主要包括眼睛异常,躯干拉长,泄殖腔突出,鳍变窄或消失,尾巴弯曲和皮肤色素减少等.在所有畸形表型中,TPT对鳍的影响最突出.暴露组胚胎的尾鳍宽度比对照组减少了17％ ～ 100％,并呈现明显的剂量效应关系.因此,TPT能抑制热带爪蟾胚胎的生长,并具有极强的致畸性,能特异性地阻碍爪蟾鳍的形成.     

Occurrence and behaviour of nonylphenol and octylphenol in Nanming River, Guiyang City, China

Occurrence, variation and behaviour of nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) were studied in surface water and groundwater in Guiyang, Guizhou Province, southwestern China. Discharge of wastewater from Guiyang City was the main source of alkylphenols (APs) entering the aquatic environment. The concentrations of NP and OP in river water ranged from 40 to 1582 ng L(-1) and from below the lowest limit of detection (LOD) to 67 ng L(-1), respectively. NP and OP were also detected in groundwater. Both NP and OP exhibited spatial and temporal variations in river water and groundwater. It was found that concentrations of NP and OP in river water was low upstream and dramatically increased downstream, and higher concentration of NP was found in winter compared to that in summer. Proportions of NP and OP were trapped by suspended particulate matter (SPM), which accounted for 7.6-50.0% and 3.4-25.6% of their total concentration in the river water system, respectively. Seasonal changes in water flow were responsible for the temporal variations of APs. To determine the behaviour of APs along the river, a mass balance equation based on chloride was used. The results showed that a mixing process was the predominant factor to determine upstream APs concentrations; while the discharge of wastewater controlled the concentrations of APs downstream. Considering the adverse effect of APs on organisms, combined effect modeling was used to assess the toxicity to fish. It was found that the predicted mixture effect for APs in river water on fish vitellogenin induction was low upstream and medium downstream, respectively.     

清代江浙沿海台风影响时间特征重建及分析

根据清代-民国的历史文献,在判定台风现象记录的基础上,建立了1644-1911年苏、沪、浙沿海受台风影响的天数Td序列,显示研究区在此期间内年均有2d左右受台风影响;19世纪中期之后,台风影响时间有所延长,指征了该地台风活动趋于活跃的现象。小波分析显示1640-1690年代和1800-1830年代,Td变化分别存在4～8a和6～8a的准周期现象,但其他时段周期性规律很不显著。MTC与ATC之间缺乏年际和年代际的对应关系可能是导致本研究Td分布无明显规律的重要原因。台风影响陆地时间与全球冷暖变化并不完全对应,仅发现17世纪早期的增暖与Td值放大在时间上基本一致。     

路边微环境PM2.5化学组分特征及来源解析

采集并分析了武汉市机动车尾气源PM_2.5样品,并于2019年10月18~27日采集了武汉市不同路边微环境（市区路边、环线路边、环境背景点）PM_2.5样品并分析其化学组分特征,利用化学质量平衡模型（CMB）解析评估了机动车尾气对城市不同路边微环境PM_2.5的贡献.结果表明,机动车尾气成分谱以OC和EC为主,汽油车OC质量分数约为柴油车的1.14倍,柴油车EC质量分数是汽油车的1.08倍.路边碳组分主要来源于机动车尾气,其中OC浓度在市区路边最高,EC浓度在环线路边最高;市区路边NO₃^-和NH₄⁺浓度较高,与二次转化有关;环线路边Fe、Si、Al质量浓度高于市区路边.CMB来源解析结果显示,机动车尾气源是环线路边、市区路边微环境的主要来源,分担率为35.20%和38.89%,是环境背景点的2倍左右.不同路边微环境污染源贡献差异明显,与环线路边相比,市区路边机动车尾气源与二次来源均相对较高,而扬尘源贡献低于环线路边.     

Distribution and source of microplastics in China's second largest reservoir - Danjiangkou Reservoir

Fresh water microplastic pollution is of pressing concern globally, but its distribution and sources in reservoirs are poorly documented. Danjiangkou Reservoir is the second largest reservoir in China and is divided into the Han Reservoir and Dan Reservoir. In this work, microplastic abundances and morphological characteristics of the reservoir were investigated. The microplastic abundance of 15 main tributaries of the reservoir was also measured. The vertical distribution (in water column and sediment), horizontal distribution (in Han Reservoir and Dan Reservoir) and source of microplastics were analyzed. Microplastics accumulated in the middle layer of the reservoir, and the size and color of the microplastic particles changed from the surface to the bottom, which implies that surveys of surface water are not enough to determine the microplastic contamination for deep water reservoirs. In the surface water, the microplastic abundance in the Han Reservoir was lower than that in the Dan Reservoir (p < 0.05), but microplastic abundance did not differ significantly in the intermediate and bottom water. Tributaries were one of the main sources of microplastics for Han Reservoir but not for Dan Reservoir. Agricultural cultivation in the hydro-fluctuation belt might be an important source of microplastics in the Dan Reservoir, which should be given additional attention. The results of this study can provide valuable information for developing microplastic sampling strategies in deep water reservoirs. Further studies are recommended to investigate the process through which microplastics in the hydro-fluctuation belt enter the reservoir and the sinking behavior of microplastics in the reservoir.     

贵州丹寨汞矿土壤汞含量的变化趋势

在自然条件下,尽管汞在土壤中相对较稳定,但对丹寨汞矿区土壤中汞含量检测表明:土壤中汞含量自1996年以来有相当大的减少。笔者认为,导致此结果的原因可能是土壤中汞在物理化学的影响下大部分转化为单质并向大气中迁移。但最近和将来一段时间,由于受汞价上涨的影响,小规模土法炼汞又会给当地环境再次造成新一轮的污染。建议对造成环境污染的工矿企业进行严格的管理。     

Predicting future invasion risk of three widespread malignant weeds on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,using multi-algorithm ensemble models北大核心CSCD

农田恶性杂草相比普通杂草的传播更为迅速且难以有效防治,对农业生产危害严重.明确典型恶性杂草当前潜在分布面积及未来气候变化下对耕地的潜在入侵风险对农业生产管理具有重要意义.以广泛分布于青藏高原农田中的3种常见恶性杂草,即野燕麦(Avena fatua L.)、一年生早熟禾(Poa annua L.)和狗尾草[Setaria viridis(L.)P.Beauv.]为研究对象,利用广义增强模型(GBM)、广义线性模型(GLM)、人工神经网络(ANN)、最大熵(MaxEnt)、随机森林(RF)及多元自适应回归样条(MARS)算法集合预测上述3种杂草在青藏高原的潜在地理分布以及驱动其变化的关键因子,以评估其对耕地的入侵风险.未来气候场景采用最新的第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)框架下2050年的4种共享经济路线(SSP1-2.6、2-4.5、3-7.0、5-8.5).结果显示:野燕麦适宜分布区面积约为3.5912×10^(5) km^(2),主要分布于四川西南部及青海东部,零星分布于甘肃、西藏和新疆;一年生早熟禾和狗尾草的适宜分布区面积约为4.3046×10^(5) km^(2)和2.0036×10^(5) km^(2),均主要分布于四川西南部和西藏东南部,零星分布于青海东部和甘肃南部.年均温是3种杂草分布的最主要驱动因子.此外,人类足迹和土壤有效氮是影响野燕麦分布的相对重要因子;土壤酸碱度、最暖季降水量是影响一年生早熟禾分布的重要因子;温度季节性、最暖季降水量是影响狗尾草分布的重要因子.预计至2050年,3种杂草在4种情境下均会出现不同程度的扩张,狗尾草的扩张面积表现出随辐射强迫的增强呈先升高后趋于稳定的趋势,而另两种杂草则呈先升后降的趋势.预计3种杂草的潜在分布面积在耕地中的占比与扩张面积的变化趋势一致,且在主产区的占比高于非主产区.模拟结果表明,未来气候变化下,随着3种恶性杂草的适宜分布区面积的扩张,其对青藏高原耕地的入侵风险将增加,尤其是粮食主产区所面临威胁更为严峻,建议应重点关注青藏高原粮食主产区恶性杂草的生理生态、迁移扩散和防治技术研究.(图6表2参61)