The indecisive role of the market in China’s SO2 and COD emissions trading

Governmental intervention is essential to combat environmental pollution, a phenomenon classically explained as market failure, while market-based environmental policy instruments have provided cost-effective alternatives. By examining five pilot air pollution (sulfur dioxide) and water pollution (chemical oxygen demand) trading schemes in China through a market-based theoretical framework and extensive empirical analysis, this research analyzes where a state-market boundary is defined, whether the market is performing effectively, and, critically, what leads to underperformance. Constrained by policy design, policy conflicts, and excessive state intervention, the market has not played an effective and ‘decisive’ role, resulting in low market thickness for participants and transactions, market congestion on prices, and inadequate market safety for genuine emissions trading. Better emissions trading for conventional pollutants and CO₂ requires better market-oriented rules, improved policy coordination, and stronger implementation while minimizing state intervention.     

碳酸盐岩煅烧改性处理酸性矿山废水的研究

将碳酸盐岩在不同温度下进行煅烧改性,在保持颗粒机械强度的条件下将其应用于酸性矿山废水(AMD)的处理。结果表明,碳酸盐岩在600℃下煅烧基本不产生变化,当升至750℃时,碳酸盐岩开始分解,煅烧3.0h后,烧失量为1.86%,煅烧后产物仍保持较强颗粒强度。800℃以上煅烧的碳酸盐岩则出现颗粒断裂现象,放入AMD中会立即溶解产生白色沉淀。在750℃煅烧改性后的碳酸盐岩能有效提高AMD的pH,对各种金属离子都有非常好的去除效果,尤其克服了原岩对Mn2+去除效果不佳的缺点;将750℃煅烧改性后的碳酸盐岩应用到野外AMD处理工程中,能有效减少处理构筑物的体积和占地面积,从而降低建设成本。     

含盐量对餐厨垃圾干式厌氧发酵的影响

在中温(35℃)和高温(55℃)条件下,研究了不同含盐量(质量分数分别为0、1%、2%、3%、4%、5%)对餐厨垃圾干式厌氧发酵过程中日产气量、累积产气量、总固体(TS)、挥发性固体(VS)、沼气成分的影响。结果表明,在中温和高温条件下,当含盐量为3%(质量分数)时累积产气量均达到最高值,分别为1 244、1 419mL。此时,TS、VS的去除率也最高,中温时的去除率分别为43.2%、45.6%,高温时的去除率分别为48.3%、50.9%。餐厨垃圾干式厌氧发酵过程中沼气的甲烷含量逐渐升高,第28天时达到最高;含盐量为3%时中温和高温厌氧发酵条件下甲烷含量最高,分别为78.7%(体积分数,下同)、90.0%。     

初始温度对人粪便好氧堆肥过程的影响

温度是好氧堆肥过程中需要控制的一个重要因素。不同的初始温度直接影响了堆肥过程中微生物活性及有机物的降解。为了研究初始温度对粪便好氧堆肥过程的影响,采用序批式好氧堆肥反应器,以新鲜锯末为载体,控制含水率在55%~60%的范围左右并强制通风的好氧条件下,进行了初始温度分别为25、35、45和55℃,20 d为一个周期好氧堆肥实验,研究了不同初始温度条件下堆肥过程有机物降解、氮的迁移转化及种子发芽指数的变化。结果表明,初始的高温度会抑制堆肥反应的进行,但初始温度越高,水解效果越显著;初始的高温有利于COD的去除,最终COD的去除率分别为88.2%、89.3%、92.0%和89.9%。初始高温对种子发芽率有抑制作用,同时延迟了堆肥的腐熟期。     

颗粒计数法在高锰酸钾强化常规工艺运行优化中的应用

以引黄水库水为实验原水,通过颗粒计数和浊度的联用检测优化评估了高锰酸钾强化常规处理工艺中的各制水环节的处理效果。结果表明,絮凝出水10μm颗粒数和过滤出水2~7μm颗粒数的可作为水厂运行管理的依据,滤后水的颗粒物数量变化比浊度更灵敏准确地反映滤池运行状况;在高锰酸钾强化预处理的最佳投加量为0.8 mg/L时,原常规工艺沉淀对颗粒总数的去除率提高20.55%,滤后颗粒总数减少56.40%,显著降低了"两虫"穿透滤池的风险。     

改进碳纳米管/聚氨酯复合材料吸附硝基苯

以酸化碳纳米管(CNTs)强化聚氨酯泡沫(PUF),通过原位聚合法制备碳纳米管/聚氨酯复合材料(CPUF)。借助红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、热失重分析(TGA)和力学性能测试等方法研究和表征了CPUF复合材料的性能和结构。研究了用CPUF复合材料对人工模拟废水中硝基苯(NB)的吸附性能、影响因素及其再生后吸附效果。结果表明,CPUF复合材料对硝基苯具有较强的吸附能力,在p H=5.4、投加量为2 g/L、接触时间24 h的条件下,升高温度会降低CPUF复合材料的饱和吸附量,但会提高初始吸附速率,等温吸附过程符合Langmuir方程,属于单分子吸附。饱和后的复合材料可采用简单热再生,再生后对NB的吸附能力没有明显下降。     

预缺氧池配水比对Johannesburg工艺脱氮除磷效果的影响

以处理城市污水的中试规模Johannesburg工艺为对象,探讨不同配水比对预缺氧池的反硝化及Johannesburg工艺脱氮除磷效果的影响。在总HRT为12.86 h,预缺氧池HRT为0.6 h的条件下,当配水比分别为0%、10%、20%和30%时,预缺氧池硝酸盐去除率分别为37.67%、78.95%、87.62%和94.95%,对应的厌氧池磷酸盐浓度分别为8.72、19.37、16.1和12.99 mg/L。预缺氧池最佳配水比为10%,此时厌氧段释磷速率、好氧吸磷速率和缺氧吸磷速率分别为6.94、3.17和2.12 mg/(g MLSS·h),厌氧池中磷的最大浓度和污泥中的磷最大含量可达到19.37 mg/L和25.7 mg TP/g MLSS。出水COD、NH3-N、TN和TP等各项水质指标有80%以上的概率达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(GB18918-2002)》一级A标准。     

Spatial scale and seasonal dependence of land use impacts on riverine water quality in the Huai River basin,China

Land use pattern is an effective reflection of anthropic activities, which are primarily responsible for water quality deterioration. A detailed understanding of relationship between water quality and land use is critical for effective land use management to improve water quality. Linear mixed effects and multiple regression models were applied to water quality data collected from 2003 to 2010 from 36 stations in the Huai River basin together with topography and climate data, to characterize the land use impacts on water quality and their spatial scale and seasonal dependence. The results indicated that the influence of land use categories on specific water quality parameter was multiple and varied with spatial scales and seasons. Land use exhibited strongest association with dissolved oxygen (DO) and ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) concentrations at entire watershed scale and with total phosphorus (TP) and fluoride concentrations at finer scales. However, the spatial scale, at which land use exerted strongest influence on instream chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels, varied with seasons. In addition, land use composition was responsible for the seasonal pattern observed in contaminant concentrations. COD, NH₃-N, and fluoride generally peaked during dry seasons in highly urbanized regions and during rainy seasons in less urbanized regions. High proportion of agricultural and rural areas was associated with high nutrient contamination risk during spring. The results highlight the spatial scale and seasonal dependence of land use impacts on water quality and can provide scientific basis for scale-specific land management and seasonal contamination control.     

CdSe量子点的合成及其在重金属离子检测中的应用

以3-巯基丙酸（3-MPA）为修饰剂合成了水溶性CdSe量子点,优化了合成条件,并以其为荧光探针建立了水样中Pb²⁺和Hg²⁺的检测方法。实验结果表明：在n（Se）∶n（Cd²⁺）为1∶6、n（Se）∶n（NaBH₄）为1∶3、n（Cd²⁺）∶n（3-MPA）为1∶6、反应pH为11、回流温度为100 ℃、回流时间为60 min的优化条件下合成的量子点荧光性能较优;量子点的荧光猝灭强度与Pb²⁺或Hg²⁺的质量浓度呈良好的线性关系,线性范围分别为0.005~10 mg/L和0.001~1 mg/L,检出限分别为0.003 mg/L和0.001 mg/L,相对标准偏差分别为1.23%和1.29%,可应用于实际水样中Pb²⁺和Hg²⁺的检测。