复合垂直流人工湿地对有机磷阻燃剂的净化

为探索有效处理有机磷阻燃剂（OPFRs）废水的方法,本文构建了复合垂直流人工湿地（IVCWs）,探究不同进水C/N比与是否曝气等运行工况下系统对磷酸三（1-氯-2-丙基）酯（TCPP）的去除效率影响,并观察目标物在湿地系统各介质中的迁移行为及相关机理.结果表明,不同工况下IVCWs对TCPP去除效果存在显著差异.与进水C/N=3时系统对TCPP去除率（52.28%±11.64%）相比,增加进水C/N、曝气和两者联用可使去除率分别提高至（68.77%±2.49%）,（57.21%±1.76%）和（89.64%±1.94%）.通过分析系统中各相累积量发现,植物（0.09%）和基质（3.30%）中TCPP的累积有限.火山岩（162.39~435.01ng/g dw）和沸石（131.67~407.74ng/g dw）中TCPP含量显著高于土壤（32.63~149.94ng/g dw）.植物体内,与菖蒲（432.95ng/g dw）、香蒲（665.21ng/g dw）相比,风车草（1288.82ng/g dw）更易TCPP累积.不同植物中TCPP主要富集在根部,有向叶片转移的趋势.探究IVCWs对TCPP的去除潜能及迁移行为,对系统缓解OPFRs污染具有积极意义.     

Spatiotemporal variations of nitrate sources and dynamics in a typical agricultural riverine system under monsoon climate

Nitrogen pollution is a serious environmental issue in the Danjiangkou Reservoir region (DRR), the water source of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of China. In this research, seasonal surveys and a bi-weekly time series survey were conducted in the Qihe River Basin, one of the most densely populated agricultural basins in the DRR. Hydrochemical compositions (NO₃^? and Cl^?), dual isotopes (δD-H₂O, δ¹⁸O-H₂O, δ¹⁵N-NO₃^?, and δ¹⁸O-NO₃^?), and a Markov Chain Monte Carlo isotope mixing model were jointly applied to unravel the sources, migrations, and transformations of the nitrate (NO₃^?) in the basin. It was revealed that the mixing between different sources was the main process controlling the isotopic compositions of the riverine NO₃^? in the upper-middle reaches. In contrast, denitrification occurred in the lower reaches. For the first time, the sources of NO₃^? were quantified at a basin scale in the DRR. Overall, the river transported 484.2 tons/year of NO₃-N to the reservoir, of which 32.6%, 36.4%, 28.0%, and 3.0% was from soil organic nitrogen, chemical fertilizer, residential sewage and atmospheric precipitation, respectively. The NO₃-N fluxes of the different sources were regulated by the monsoon climate and anthropogenic activities. For example, high precipitation and intense fertilization resulted in severe nonpoint source pollution. Denitrification thrived in soils and reservoirs in wet seasons. Temperature could regulate the migration, nitrification and denitrification processes. Based on the results, we suggest that the management strategies dealing with nitrogen pollution issue in the DRR should follow the specific spatiotemporal characteristics of NO₃^? sources, migration and transformation mechanisms.     

锑矿冶炼区周边土壤吸附Sb (V)的行为研究

本文通过吸附平衡和动力学实验方法对Sb（V）在锑矿冶炼区周边土壤表面开展吸附行为研究,用常用的等温吸附模型和动力学吸附模型分别对等温吸附曲线和动力学吸附曲线进行拟合。结果表明：Langmuir与Freundlich模型对荒地土和林地土吸附Sb（Ⅴ）的等温吸附曲线均有较好的拟合效果,拟合系数R²0.988。荒地土对Sb（Ⅴ）的吸附能力大于林地土,其吸附量是林地土的2.9±0.2倍,这与Langmuir模型预测的该两种土壤的吸附倍数相当,荒地土表现出强烈吸附Sb（Ⅴ）的能力,尤其在锑浓度较高的体系中更为明显。结合土壤基本理化性质及矿物学特征,认为土壤秥粒、铁矿物和碳酸钙是影响土壤吸附Sb（V）的主要因素。有机质对土壤吸附Sb（Ⅴ）有一定促进作用,但这种影响只表现在Sb（Ⅴ）初始浓度低的条件下;而在Sb（Ⅴ）初始浓度高的条件下,有机质对土壤吸附Sb（Ⅴ）的影响不明显。土壤吸附Sb（Ⅴ）的过程分为快速吸附和慢速吸附两个阶段,快速反应发生在70 min以内。初始浓度低（0.01 mmol/L）的条件下,Elovich方程能够很好地拟合荒地土和林地土吸附Sb（V）的动态曲线;初始浓度高（2 mmol/L）的条件下,双常数方程对荒地土吸附Sb（V）的拟合效果较好,拟一级动力学方程和拟二级动力学方程则适用于拟合林地土吸附Sb（V）的过程。     

Inhibition of thrombin by functionalized C60 nanoparticles revealed via in vitro assays and in silico studies

The studies on the human toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) are far behind the rapid development of engineered functionalized NPs. Fullerene has been widely used as drug carrier skeleton due to its reported low risk. However, different from other kinds of NPs, fullerene-based NPs (C₆₀ NPs) have been found to have an anticoagulation effect, although the potential target is still unknown. In the study, both experimental and computational methods were adopted to gain mechanistic insight into the modulation of thrombin activity by nine kinds of C₆₀ NPs with diverse surface chemistry properties. In vitro enzyme activity assays showed that all tested surface-modified C₆₀ NPs exhibited thrombin inhibition ability. Kinetic studies coupled with competitive testing using 3 known inhibitors indicated that six of the C₆₀ NPs, of greater hydrophobicity and hydrogen bond (HB) donor acidity or acceptor basicity, acted as competitive inhibitors of thrombin by directly interacting with the active site of thrombin. A simple quantitative nanostructure-activity relationship model relating the surface substituent properties to the inhibition potential was then established for the six competitive inhibitors. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the intermolecular HB interactions were important for the specific binding of C₆₀ NPs to the active site canyon, while the additional stability provided by the surface groups through van der Waals interaction also play a key role in the thrombin binding affinity of the NPs. Our results suggest that thrombin is a possible target of the surface-functionalized C₆₀ NPs relevant to their anticoagulation effect.     

气象舒适条件对呼吸系统疾病的影响

采用广义相加模型和分布滞后非线性模型,研究单个气象要素和以"通用的热气候指数"表征的多要素综合效应与北京市2009~2012年呼吸系统疾病急诊人数的暴露-响应关系,并按年龄、性别分层.结果表明,对全人群而言,高温效应即时,低温作用滞后;湿度<30%能显著增加发病风险,且效应持久;3m/s风速对应发病风险最低.少儿（≤ 14岁）受热胁迫影响最强,尤其突出高温高湿作用;成人（15~59岁）受冷胁迫影响强且滞后性;老年患者（>60岁）对冷胁迫敏感,着重防范低温低湿.采用舒适指数探讨环境对呼吸系统疾病的影响优于单要素表征,可加深对发病气象成因的理解,为科学预防、预测预警提供新思路.     

石化企业硫化氢中毒事故分析与防治

介绍了硫化氢的理化性质、危害,分析了如何从硫化氢中毒的预防、检测、作业等环节加强科学化、标准化管理,提出了预防硫化氢中毒的安全管理方法,总结了一些切实可行的做法。     

阿哈水库DOM的分离及其对消毒副产物的贡献

为研究高原喀斯特湖库DOM（dissolved organic matter,溶解性有机质）的组成及其化学特征对DBPs（disinfection by-products,消毒副产物）生成路径的影响,以西南喀斯特地区贵阳市阿哈水库的DOM为研究对象,结合XAD大孔树脂分离技术,通过化学表征〔包括UV-Vis（紫外-可见光光谱）、FTIR（红外光谱）和3D-EEM（三维荧光光谱）〕手段来研究各组分对C-DBPs（含碳消毒副产物）和N-DBPs（含氮消毒副产物）的生成贡献.不同组分芳香性的大小依次为HON（憎水中性物）> HIB（亲水碱）> HOA（憎水酸）> HIN（亲水中性物）≈HIA（亲水酸）> HOB（憎水碱）.憎水与亲水DOM的DBPs生成潜能相近.其中,HON最高,其次为HIB和HOA.HIB和HOA的主要卤代反应位分别来源于藻类有机物的蛋白质和富里酸,而HON的DBPs生成潜能的贡献主要为分子中的芳香和共轭不饱和结构.HIA和HIN的构成主要为脂肪烃,贡献较低的DBPs的生成潜能.对于C-DBPs,THMs和HAAs的生成潜能总体相近,不同组分的差异明显.对于N-DBPs,卤乙腈的生成潜能占80%以上,憎水DOM的贡献较高.DBPs的生成路径从UV-Vis、FTIR和3D-EEM的官能团和特征峰解析结果中均得到了较好的响应.      

暗管排水治理渍害田初探

暗管排渍改良低产稻田的试验结果表明,暗管排水显著降低地下水埋探,提高了土壤通透性,减少了土壤中的有毒物质,改善了水稻生长的土壤环境。在宾阳试区和环江试区采用不同水稻品种试验结果表明。与改良前的1989年相比,分别增产53.8％和36.5和36.5％;比同年农艺措施相同的明沟排水田分别增产11.15％和19.93％。     

Multiplicity-adjusted Inferences in Risk Assessment: Benchmark Analysis with Continuous Response Data

We develop and study multiplicity adjustments for low-dose inferences in environmental risk assessment. Application is intended for risk analysis studies where human, animal, or ecological data are used to set safe levels of a hazardous environmental agent. A modern method for making inferences in this setting is known as benchmark analysis, where attention centers on the dose at which a fixed benchmark level of risk is achieved. Both upper confidence limits on the risk and lower confidence limits on the “benchmark dose” are of interest. In practice, a number of possible benchmark risks may be under study; if so, corrections must be applied to adjust the limits for multiplicity. In this note, we discuss approaches for doing so with continuous, nonquantal response data.     

三峡水库1956—2017年坝下径流特征分析

采用三峡水库坝下宜昌水文站1956—2017年日径流监测数据和长江上游80个国家气象站年均降水量长系列资料,利用一元线性分析法、滑动平均法、线性趋势回归法、非参数统计检验法、Mann-Kendall秩次相关、累积距平法和滑动T检验法分析三峡工程运行前后坝下径流的变化特征,其成果可为三峡工程调度提供参考。结果表明:三峡水库坝下宜昌水文站径流量变化趋势具有显著阶段性。三峡水库蓄水运行前宜昌水文站径流量和上游降水量相关性超过90%,该时期径流量主要受上游天然来水影响。三峡水库运行后,径流量主要受人类活动影响。宜昌水文站径流年际变化减少趋势不显著,长江上游降水量呈显著减少趋势。坝下径流量和上游降水量在2002年发生了突变且变化趋势相同,但径流量减少趋势不显著。径流年内分布发生了一定变化,其中汛期径流量占年径流总量百分比从72%下降到66%,枯期径流量占年径流量总量百分比从11%增加到15%。三峡工程调蓄是人类活动的直接表现,枯期宜昌水文站径流量增大是三峡工程生态效益的具体体现。