Effect of physical forms of soil organic matter on phenanthrene sorption

The sorption coefficient, K(OC), of phenanthrene (PHE) has been reported to vary with different types of organic matter, leading to uncertainties in predicting the environmental behavior of PHE. Among the studies that relate organic matter properties to their sorption characteristics, physical conformation of organic matter is often neglected. In this work, organic matter samples of different physical forms were examined for their sorption characteristics. Dissolved humic acids (DHA) showed significantly higher K(OC) than the corresponding solid humic acids (SHA) from which the DHAs were made. The K(OC) of DHAs was found to be related to polarity, whereas K(OC) of SHAs increased with aliphatic carbon content. Soil particles were treated with H(2)O(2) to remove organic matter, and humic acid was coated on H(2)O(2)-treated soil particles to make organo-mineral complexes at pH 4, 7 and 10. Although the nonlinear sorption was apparent for SHAs and H(2)O(2)-treated soil particles, the organo-mineral complexes formed using these two components at pH 4, 7 and 10 exhibited relatively linear sorption at organic carbon content, f(OC)>0.5%. These results indicate that organic matter of the same composition may have different sorption properties due to different physical forms (or conformations). Nonlinear sorption for the complexes formed at pH 4 with lower f(OC) (<0.5%) was also discussed.     

改性锰砂对废水中锰的吸附特性研究

通过正交实验,研究pH值、反应时间、锰砂投加量和锰砂改性时间等因素对Mn2+吸附效果的影响。结果表明,在25℃,吸附反应体系pH=9,锰砂投加量为15 g/L,吸附时间为30 min,锰砂的高锰酸钾改性时间为36 h时,改性锰砂对锰的吸附去除率最高,达到了99.99%。四因素的影响顺序为:pH>反应时间>锰砂投加量>锰砂改性时间。在单因素实验中,当pH=7,吸附剂投加量为25 g/L时,经60 min可达吸附平衡,锰的去除率为60.04%,其等温吸附符合Freundlich和Langmuir模型,并且与Langmuir模型的拟合程度更高。本研究还对改性锰砂吸附除锰的机理做了初步探讨。     

鄱阳湖氮、磷营养盐的滞留效应研究

通过对鄱阳湖2010、2011年氮、磷输入与输出量的监测,分析鄱阳湖对氮、磷的滞留效应,探讨了影响氮、磷滞留的主要因素。结果表明,2010、2011年鄱阳湖输入、输出的TP,总溶解性无机氮(DIN)浓度存在显著差异,输入浓度均明显高于输出浓度,表明鄱阳湖对氮、磷具有显著的滞留作用;TP浓度滞留效率普遍高于DIN浓度滞留效率,丰水期和枯水期TP、DIN浓度的年平均滞留效率分别为92.5%、87.5%和81.7%、80.4%,枯水期两者的差异较小;氮的实际滞留效率要高于磷的实际滞留效率,DIN的年平均实际滞留效率是TP的1.5倍,从季节分布上来看,丰水期氮、磷的实际滞留效率均高于枯水期,且TP、DIN的实际滞留效率随季节变化呈现出较一致的周期波动性;TP、DIN滞留的主要影响因素为径流输入、非点源污染输入以及经湖口的输出,降雨、降尘、底泥释放、生物滞留对其影响相对较小;鄱阳湖氮、磷收支估算结果表明,氮的实际滞留效率稍高于磷的实际滞留效率,这是由于人类活动导致的氮输入量大于磷输入量,以及氮、磷的滞留机制存在差异。     

受污染景观水体的生物修复

应用生物刺激剂BIOE1对受污染的人工景观池水进行生物修复试验。现场试验的结果表明,生物刺激剂BIOE1能有效地对受污染的景观池水进行生物修复,处理后的池水清澈,水体中的溶解氧浓度显著提高,CODCr、氨氮、总磷和浊度的去除率分别为68%、93%、75%和83%。所用生物刺激剂不含外来微生物,对人体和鱼类无毒性。     

Spatial distribution, electron microscopy analysis of titanium and its correlation to heavy metals: occurrence and sources of titanium nanomaterials in surface sediments from Xiamen Bay, China

Titanium nanomaterials are likely to sink into sediments in substantial quantities due to their wide use in a number of applications for decades. To assess the potential environmental consequences, a better understanding is required of the occurrence and sources of titanium (Ti) nanomaterials in sediments. In this research, we provide the first report of the Ti concentrations and the morphology and composition of Ti-based solids in surface sediments from Xiamen Bay, China. Results indicated that the anthropogenic Ti concentrations in the surface sediments from Xiamen Bay reached approximately 2.74 g kg(-1). Ti nanomaterials could be found in sediments with elevated Ti concentrations, which were often aggregated to a few hundred nanometers (<300 nm) and were composed of several spherical particles, less than 50 nm in size, that were made solely of TiO(x). However, Ti particles (approx. 300-700 nm) could be also found in sediments with lower Ti concentrations, which were presumably components of the natural clay mineral kaolinite. Ti nanomaterials could be easily distributed in sediments associated with elevated levels of organic matter and preferentially attach to those sediments with elevated fine fractions. As a sentinel, or tracer, for other nanomaterials, the field-scale investigation of Ti nanomaterials would contribute to increasing our knowledge on the behavior of engineered nanomaterials in an aquatic environment.     

北方沙尘对四川盆地环境空气质量影响和特征分析

利用沙尘天气资料和颗粒物浓度、激光雷达监测数据以及后向轨迹,分析浮尘天气的气象特征及传输路径,构建了浮尘天气对四川盆地各城市大气环境质量影响的量化指标,并利用该量化指标分析了浮尘天气对四川盆地各城市大气环境的影响,得出2013—2015年浮尘对四川盆地PM_(10)年均质量浓度的贡献,2013—2015年约为4.82、1.00、0.56μg/m~3;浮尘对PM_(10)年均质量浓度的贡献川西区域最大,川东北区域次之,川中区域最小,其贡献量分别为3.5、2.2、1.4μg/m~3。同时还进一步分析浮尘对区域PM_(10)影响差异的原因。     

南亚次大陆对中国大气传输影响及海螺沟背景站监测的指示效应

海螺沟背景站地处人烟稀少、远离工业带区域,颗粒物浓度水平与美国背景区域相当,通常情况下各项污染物浓度呈周期性缓慢变化,但通过实时自动监测发现,也有部分时段出现污染物浓度急剧升高的现象,对这种情况进行统计分析,2015年共有43 d因远距离传输导致背景站浓度急剧升高现象,其间PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为19.4μg/m~3,比其年均质量浓度(8.3μg/m~3)高1倍多。通过对2015年背景站监测数据与年气象分析资料的联合分析,结合HSPLIT 4.8轨迹模式对污染物来源进行溯源,在海螺沟国家大气背景区域的200、3 700 m 2个高度都存在南亚次大陆向中国境内输送的气流路径。后向轨迹200 m高度聚类分析结果:海螺沟背景站PM_(2.5)监测值超"正常"浓度范围时段有84%的大气污染气团主要来自南亚次大陆方向,同时,常规6项其他监测项目的浓度水平也存在协同上升效应。     

西南喀斯特土地利用变化对植物凋落物-土壤C、N、P化学计量特征和土壤酶活性的影响

以贵州关岭花江喀斯特峡谷原生林、灌木林、草地和坡耕地这4种典型土地利用方式下的凋落物-土壤为研究对象,研究土地利用变化对西南喀斯特植物凋落物-土壤C、N、P化学计量特征和土壤酶活性的影响及其驱动机制.结果表明,4种不同土地利用方式的凋落物-土壤C、N、P含量和土壤酶活性存在显著差异.与其他区域相比,凋落物和土壤分别具有高C低N高P、低C低N高P的格局.脲酶、蔗糖酶和淀粉酶表现出原生林灌木林草地坡耕地,碱性磷酸酶则是原生林灌木林坡耕地草地.未来的生态建设应重视原生林的保护.土壤养分受凋落物C、N、P及其计量比的显著影响,但土壤酶活性与凋落物无显著联系.冗余分析表明,土壤酶活性与土壤TN、SWC、C∶N极显著相关(P 0. 01),与p H和N∶P显著相关(P 0. 05),重要性大小依次为TN SWC C∶N p H N∶P.     

Characterization of cake layer structure on the microfiltration membrane permeability by iron pre-coagulation

A cake layer is formed by coagulation aggregates under certain transmembrane pressure in the coagulation-microfiltration (MF) process. The characteristics of humic acid aggregates coagulated by different iron-based coagulants, such as charge, size, fractal dimension and compressibility, have an effect on the cake layer structure. At the optimum iron dose of 0.6 to 0.8 mmol/L for ferric chloride (FC) and polymer ferric sulfate (PFS) pre-coagulation, at the point of charge neutralization for near zero zeta potential, the aggregate particles produced possess the greatest size and highest fractal dimension, which contributes to the cake layer being most loose with high porosity and low compressibility. Thus the membrane filterability is better. At a low or high iron dose of FC and PFS, a high negative or positive zeta potential with high charge repulsion results in so many small aggregate particles and low fractal dimension that the cake layer is compact with low porosity and high compressibility. Therefore the membrane fouling is accelerated and MF permeability becomes worse. The variation of cake layer structure as measured by scanning electric microscopy corresponds with the fact that the smaller the coagulation flocs size and fractal dimension are, the lower the porosity and the tighter the cake layer conformation. This also explains the MF membrane flux variation visually and accurately.     

Adsorptive removal of antibiotics from water using magnetic ion exchange resin

The occurrence of antibiotics in the environment has recently raised serious concern regarding their potential threat to aquatic ecosystem and human health. In this study, the magnetic ion exchange(MIEX) resin was applied for removing three commonly-used antibiotics, sulfamethoxazole(SMX), tetracycline(TCN) and amoxicillin(AMX) from water.The results of batch experiments show that the maximum adsorption capacities on the MIEX resin for SMX, TCN and AMX were 789.32, 443.18 and 155.15 μg/m L at 25°C,respectively, which were 2–7 times that for the powdered activated carbon. The adsorption kinetics of antibiotics on the MIEX resin could be simulated by the pseudo-second-order model(R~2= 0.99), and the adsorption isotherm data were well described by the Langmuir model(R~2= 0.97). Solution p H exhibited a remarkable impact on the adsorption process and the absorbed concentrations of the tested antibiotics were obtained around the neutral p H.The MIEX resin could be easily regenerated by 2 mol/L Na Cl solution and maintained high adsorption removal for the tested antibiotics after regeneration. Anion exchange mechanism mainly controlled the adsorption of antibiotic and the formation of hydrogen binding between the antibiotic and resin can also result in the increase of adsorption capacity. The high adsorption capacity, fast adsorption rate and prominent reusability make the MIEX resin a potential adsorbent in the application for removing antibiotics from water.