Arsenic, cadmium, and lead in California cropland soils: role of phosphate and micronutrient fertilizers

Phosphate and micronutrient fertilizers contain potentially harmful trace elements, such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb). We investigated if application of these fertilizer increases the As, Cd, and Pb concentrations of the receiving soils. More than 1000 soil samples were collected in seven major vegetable production regions across California. Benchmark soils (no or low fertilizer input) sampled in 1967 and re-sampled in 2001 served as a baseline. Soils were analyzed for total concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, P, and Zn. The P and Zn concentrations of the soils were indicators of P fertilizer and micronutrient inputs, respectively. Results showed that the concentrations of these elements in the vegetable production fields in some production areas of California had been shifted upward. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed that the seven production areas could be sorted into three categories: (i) enrichment of As, Cd, and Pb, which was associated with the enrichment of P and Zn in one of the seven areas surveyed; (ii) enrichment of As, which was associated with enrichment of Zn in two of the seven areas surveyed; and (iii) no remarkable correlation between enrichment of As, Cd, and Pb and enrichment of P and Zn in the other four areas surveyed.     

Tissue-dependent distribution and accumulation of chlorobenzenes by vegetables in urban area

Five seasonal vegetables from three growing sites in Hangzhou city, Zhejiang Province, were studied for the levels of four chlorobenzenes(CBs): o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB), p-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB), m-dichlorobenzene (m-DCB), and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB). Samples of each vegetable from each site were subdivided into leaves, stems, and roots, and these subsamples were analyzed separately for the levels of accumulated CBs. Relations between the levels of CBs in vegetables with the total organic carbon (TOC) of the soil, the lipid content of the vegetable, and the physicochemical properties of CBs were established. Results showed that o-DCB, p-DCB, m-DCB, 1,2,4-TCB were present in all vegetables analyzed. For spinaches (Spinacia oleracea), Chinese cabbages (Brassica rapa var. pekinensis), and celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce), the highest level of CBs was with roots, followed by leaves. While for radishes (Raphanus sativus), and carrots (Daucus carota subsp. sativus), the highest level was with leaves, followed by stems. The accumulation of CBs was found to have a good correlation with the plant-tissue lipid content, the contaminant air-water Henry's coefficient (H), the contaminant octanol-water partition coefficient (K(ow)), and the physiological characteristics of the vegetables.     

基于水足迹的流域生态补偿标准模型研究

流域水资源是一种公共物品,其系统的整体性以及资源外部性等特征要求各相关区域应共同承担环境保护.如何衡量各区域水资源开发利用与环保投入的关系,建立合理的生态补偿标准模型,已成为流域管理研究领域普遍关注的问题.本文运用水足迹理论和方法,界定流域水足迹内涵,通过反映流域沿岸各区域水生态服务耗费情况判断分析水生态系统安全状态,提出流域生态补偿标准计量流程及不同情况下的流域生态补偿标准测算模型,从而客观、准确地量化流域生态补偿额度,为管理者正确分析和解决流域各区域间利益冲突提供科学的决策依据与支持.同时本文以碧流河为案例,收集并分析了2002-2006年间碧流河沿岸各行政区水足迹和环保投入情况,理清各区域生态系统状态及相互关系,计算补偿标准,进而验证模型的可行性.     

九曲桥行人运动实验与模拟研究

公共场所中的人群疏散是行人疏散动力学研究中的重要内容。基于九曲桥行人运动观测实验对转角区域的行人运动特征进行研究,并利用人员疏散模拟软件Pathfinder模拟了因激励作用所导致的行人速度提高对通行效率的影响。结果表明,由于行人的停留、拍照行为导致转角内区域出现了明显的行人变换走道现象;行人在转角内区域出现的停留、超越行为导致行人速度出现大幅度波动,最低速度约为0.2 m/s,最高速度约为0.7 m/s;与转角后区域相比,行人密度变化对转角内区域的行人速度的影响更小,单位流量的影响更大;由于观测实验中行人停留、拍照等行为的存在,相同密度下转角后区域行人运动速度、单位流量均低于P&M平直通道模型;适当的激励作用有助于减轻行人拥堵,提高通行效率,当行人速度达到较高水平后效果不再显著。     

Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液过程中有机物分子质量分布和荧光特性

采用Fenton氧化工艺对上海某垃圾填埋场垃圾渗滤液进行处理. 提取和分离了Fenton氧化前后腐殖酸组分(富里酸、胡敏酸),运用凝胶色谱法和三维荧光光谱技术对Fenton氧化前后各物质的分子质量分布和有机物荧光特性进行了研究. 结果表明:Fenton反应可使ρ(BOD₅)/ρ(COD_Cr)从0.011提高到0.285. 通过分子质量分布和三维荧光特性的测量可知,造成这种可生化性提高的原因是Fenton反应使垃圾渗滤液中有机物的分子质量降低,其中对高分子质量胡敏酸的去除以及对富里酸分子质量的降低起到了关键作用.      

西南喀斯特土地利用变化对植物凋落物-土壤C、N、P化学计量特征和土壤酶活性的影响

以贵州关岭花江喀斯特峡谷原生林、灌木林、草地和坡耕地这4种典型土地利用方式下的凋落物-土壤为研究对象,研究土地利用变化对西南喀斯特植物凋落物-土壤C、N、P化学计量特征和土壤酶活性的影响及其驱动机制.结果表明,4种不同土地利用方式的凋落物-土壤C、N、P含量和土壤酶活性存在显著差异.与其他区域相比,凋落物和土壤分别具有高C低N高P、低C低N高P的格局.脲酶、蔗糖酶和淀粉酶表现出原生林灌木林草地坡耕地,碱性磷酸酶则是原生林灌木林坡耕地草地.未来的生态建设应重视原生林的保护.土壤养分受凋落物C、N、P及其计量比的显著影响,但土壤酶活性与凋落物无显著联系.冗余分析表明,土壤酶活性与土壤TN、SWC、C∶N极显著相关(P 0. 01),与p H和N∶P显著相关(P 0. 05),重要性大小依次为TN SWC C∶N p H N∶P.     

Characterization of cake layer structure on the microfiltration membrane permeability by iron pre-coagulation

A cake layer is formed by coagulation aggregates under certain transmembrane pressure in the coagulation-microfiltration (MF) process. The characteristics of humic acid aggregates coagulated by different iron-based coagulants, such as charge, size, fractal dimension and compressibility, have an effect on the cake layer structure. At the optimum iron dose of 0.6 to 0.8 mmol/L for ferric chloride (FC) and polymer ferric sulfate (PFS) pre-coagulation, at the point of charge neutralization for near zero zeta potential, the aggregate particles produced possess the greatest size and highest fractal dimension, which contributes to the cake layer being most loose with high porosity and low compressibility. Thus the membrane filterability is better. At a low or high iron dose of FC and PFS, a high negative or positive zeta potential with high charge repulsion results in so many small aggregate particles and low fractal dimension that the cake layer is compact with low porosity and high compressibility. Therefore the membrane fouling is accelerated and MF permeability becomes worse. The variation of cake layer structure as measured by scanning electric microscopy corresponds with the fact that the smaller the coagulation flocs size and fractal dimension are, the lower the porosity and the tighter the cake layer conformation. This also explains the MF membrane flux variation visually and accurately.     

太湖地区不同土地利用影响下水稻土重金属有效性库变化

在太湖地区调查选择了乡镇工业环境、集约化农业丰产方及长期肥料试验地等几种人类农业利用类型和环境影响的地块,采集水稻土耕层样本作若干重金属的有效性库分析.结果表明,各种环境和利用影响下太湖地区水稻土重金属有效性库都存在升高的趋势,其程度介于30%至200%,且以表层最为突出.近工业区环境和长期单施化肥下这种有效性库变化最为剧烈,其土壤Cu、Pb有效性库分别达到7.96～2.15 mg·kg^-1、24.7～3.47mg·kg^-1和8.34～4.42 mg·kg、9.01～4.95 mg·kg^-1.这种有效性升高伴随着总量的积累趋势可能是太湖地区土壤环境质量演变的当前特点,这必须在本地区农业与食物安全中备加关注.     

Adsorptive removal of antibiotics from water using magnetic ion exchange resin

The occurrence of antibiotics in the environment has recently raised serious concern regarding their potential threat to aquatic ecosystem and human health. In this study, the magnetic ion exchange(MIEX) resin was applied for removing three commonly-used antibiotics, sulfamethoxazole(SMX), tetracycline(TCN) and amoxicillin(AMX) from water.The results of batch experiments show that the maximum adsorption capacities on the MIEX resin for SMX, TCN and AMX were 789.32, 443.18 and 155.15 μg/m L at 25°C,respectively, which were 2–7 times that for the powdered activated carbon. The adsorption kinetics of antibiotics on the MIEX resin could be simulated by the pseudo-second-order model(R~2= 0.99), and the adsorption isotherm data were well described by the Langmuir model(R~2= 0.97). Solution p H exhibited a remarkable impact on the adsorption process and the absorbed concentrations of the tested antibiotics were obtained around the neutral p H.The MIEX resin could be easily regenerated by 2 mol/L Na Cl solution and maintained high adsorption removal for the tested antibiotics after regeneration. Anion exchange mechanism mainly controlled the adsorption of antibiotic and the formation of hydrogen binding between the antibiotic and resin can also result in the increase of adsorption capacity. The high adsorption capacity, fast adsorption rate and prominent reusability make the MIEX resin a potential adsorbent in the application for removing antibiotics from water.     

碳酸盐岩抑制煤中有害元素释放和迁移能力的研究

为了揭示碳酸盐岩地质背景下碳酸盐岩对煤中有害元素的抑制作用,以煤和碳酸盐岩为实验材料设计了3个不同组合的淋溶柱,采用淋溶实验方法,探讨了碳酸盐岩对煤中Fe、Mn、Cu、As等元素释放和迁移的抑制能力.结果表明:碳酸盐岩能有效中和煤中黄铁矿等硫化矿物氧化产生的酸,淋溶液pH值显著升高;碳酸盐岩对煤中硫的释放和迁移能力的抑制作用不明显,对煤中Fe、Cu和As元素的释放和迁移的抑制能力较强,但对煤中Mn、Pb和Cd元素的释放和迁移的抑制能力相对较弱.碳酸盐岩能有效抑制酸性矿山废水的形成和演化,可作为碳酸盐岩地区酸性矿山废水防治的理想材料.