涞源县生态县建设的思考

生态县建设指标包含三部分,即经济发展、生态环境保护、社会进步。这三个指标的完成需要政府、企业、公民的共同参与。经济实力弱、发展水平和科技水平较低、生态环境意识差、环境及资源承载能力较低、环境综合治理缺少投入等因素严重制约了涞源县的生态县建设。只有强化组织领导,建立目标责任机制,编制生态县建设规划,重点推动经济现代化建设,加强环境基础设施建设,加强宣传教育,鼓励全民参与生态县建设,才能加快涞源县生态县建设的步伐,最终实现人与自然和谐发展。     

秦皇岛市天然矿泉水水质特征及开发利用前景研究

秦皇岛市天然矿泉水主要赋存在早太古代的花岗岩和变质岩的构造裂隙与风化裂隙之中,有锶、偏硅酸、锶及偏硅酸、锶溴及偏硅酸等4种类型。矿泉水水源地数量较多,水质优良,但开采程度较低,开发利用前景广阔。     

非活体生物质对水中活性艳红X-3B的吸附研究

研究了4种非活体生物质(米酒糟、花生壳、柚子皮、稻草秸秆)对模拟废水中活性艳红X-3B的吸附条件及吸附机理。结果表明,活性艳红X-3B初始浓度为100 mg/L、pH为1.0~2.0、吸附剂浓度为10 mg/L时,4种吸附剂对活性艳红X-3B的吸附率可达到80%。吸附在60 min左右达平衡后最大吸附量的顺序为:米酒糟(58.8 mg/g)花生壳(28.0mg/g)柚子皮(23.6 mg/g)稻草秸秆(19.5 mg/g)。在达最大吸附率时,米酒糟的用量可减少一半、pH范围可宽为1.0~6.0,且吸附量是另三者的2倍以上。综合比较,米酒糟具有较强的吸附废水中活性艳红X-3B的能力,可作为废水中活性染料的吸附剂使用。而花生壳、柚子皮和稻草秸秆的吸附能力相对较弱,不是理想的吸附材料。数学模型模拟表明,米酒糟和柚子皮的吸附过程更符合Freundlich方程,而花生壳和稻草秸秆更符合Langmuir方程;动力学研究表明4种吸附剂的吸附拟合更符合拟二级动力学方程。     

生物法-人工湿地组合工艺处理小城镇混合污水研究

为适应小城镇污水处理高效、低耗、管理简单的要求,开展了生物法(水解酸化/生物接触氧化)-人工湿地组合工艺(A/BCO-CW)处理小城镇片区混合污水的研究。结果表明,A/BCO系统在停留时间为3～6 h条件下,对悬浮物和有机物有高的去除效率,COD、BOD5和TSS去除率分别达到63.1%、67.7%和66.2%,避免了人工湿地堵塞和提高处理效率,减少了所需湿地面积44%。全年运行结果表明,在0.30～0.59 m/d水力负荷率下,垂直流-表面流-水平潜流人工湿地组合系统对COD、BOD5和TSS平均去除负荷达9.4、5.1和7.2 g/(m2.d)(42%、71.2%和85.2%);COD、BOD5去除速率常数为74.6±12.1 m/y、166±30.5 m/y,这些数值均处于文献中k值范围的高量程内。A/BCO-人工湿地系统对COD、BOD5和TSS具有好的处理效果,出水水质能够稳定达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)的IV类水标准,2种处理方法有效组合起来,所开发的低成本、高效率、可持续运行的城镇废水处理组合系统,将会在实际应用尤其是高有机负荷污水处理中发挥良好效用。     

藻类打捞对水体营养循环的影响及其生态效果研究

富营养化水体中的藻华是氮磷的富集器,太湖打捞藻样中的总氮、总磷、游离磷及有机物含量分别为98.87g/kg、3.25 g/kg、0.21 g/kg和95.65%。在底泥中沉降藻类的矿质化周期随着温度的升高而缩短;且其向上覆水中释放氮、磷的强度具有随水温升高而增强的趋势。但在水层厚/底泥比不同的区域,这种营养物释放强度又存在显著的差异。实验证明,藻类的打捞是一种人工延长食物链去除氮磷等污染物的有效方法。     

Characterization of plutonium in deep-sea sediments of the Sulu and South China Seas

Anthropogenic Pu isotopes are important geochemical tracers for sediment studies. Their distributions and sources in the water columns as well as the sediments of the North Pacific have been intensively studied; however, information about Pu in the Southeast Asian seas is limited. To study the isotopic composition of Pu, and thus to identify its sources, we collected sediment core samples in the South China Sea and the Sulu Sea during the KH-96-5 Cruise of the R/V Hakuho Maru. We analysed the activities of ^239+240Pu and the atom ratios of ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu using isotope dilution sector-field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS). The ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratios in the sediments of both areas (inventory weighted mean: 0.251 for the South China Sea and 0.280 for the Sulu Sea) were higher than the global fallout value (0.178 ± 0.019), suggesting the existence of Pu from the Pacific Proving Grounds in the North Pacific. Low inventories of ^239+240Pu in sediments were observed in the South China Sea (3.75 Bq/m²) and the Sulu Sea (1.38 Bq/m²). Most of the Pu input is still present in the water column. Scavenging and benthic mixing processes were considered to be the main processes controlling the distribution of Pu in the deep-sea sediments of both study areas.     

Occurrence, distribution, and sources of six phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in the 22 river estuaries around Dianchi Lake in China

The objectives of this study are to track the occurrence, distribution, and sources of phenolic endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in the 22 rivers around Dianchi Lake in China, to estimate the input and output amounts of phenolic EDCs in the water system, and to provide more comprehensive fundamental data for risk assessment and contamination control of phenolic EDCs in aquatic environment. Six phenolic EDCs were systematically evaluated in water and surface sediment in the estuaries of those rivers. The water and sediment samples were preconcentrated by solid-phase extraction system and microwave-assisted extraction system, respectively. Phenolic EDCs were analyzed by GC-MS (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) after derivatization. Phenolic EDCs were found ubiquitously in the aquatic environment. The total concentrations ranged from 248 to 4,650 ng/L in water, and 113 to 3,576 ng/g dry weight in surface sediment. The residue amount of phenolic EDCs in Dianchi Lake was 258 kg/a. Concentrations of the phenolic EDCs in the Lake decreased with increase in distance to the estuaries of those rivers which run through urban and industrial areas. The rivers seriously contaminated by phenolic EDCs were Xin River, Yunliang River, Chuanfang River, Cailian River, Jinjia River, Zhengda River, and Daqing River which run through the old area of Kunming City. Satisfying correlations were observed between the concentrations of the target compounds in water and in surface sediment. NP1EO, NP2EO, and BPA were identified as the three predominant phenolic EDCs. There were significant correlations between phenolic EDCs and many basic water quality parameters. Urban and industrial areas are the major contributors for phenolic EDCs, especially in Kunming City. Compositional profiles of phenolic EDCs in surface sediment were similar to those in river water. The concentrations of phenolic EDCs in the rivers located in the northwest part of the valley were very high, and posed a potential risk to aquatic organisms and even human. The concentrations of NP2EO, NP1EO, and BPA were at moderate levels of other areas. The basic water quality parameters (TOC, TN, DO, and pH) play important roles on the distribution, fate, and behavior of phenolic EDCs in the valley.     

The acute effects of fine particles on respiratory mortality and morbidity in Beijing, 2004–2009

Recent epidemiological and toxicological studies have shown associations between particulate matter and human health. However, the estimates of adverse health effects are inconsistent across many countries and areas. The stratification and interaction models were employed within the context of the generalized additive Poisson regression equation to examine the acute effects of fine particles on respiratory health and to explore the possible joint modification of temperature, humidity, and season in Beijing, China, for the period 2004–2009. The results revealed that the respiratory health damage threshold of the PM_2.5 concentration was mainly within the range of 20–60 μg/m³, and the adverse effect of excessively high PM_2.5 concentration maintained a stable level. In the most serious case, an increase of 10 μg/m³ PM_2.5 results in an elevation of 4.60 % (95 % CI 3.84–4.60 %) and 4.48 % (95 % CI 3.53–5.41 %) with a lag of 3 days, values far higher than the average level of 0.69 % (95 % CI 0.54–0.85 %) and 1.32 % (95 % CI 1.02–1.61 %) for respiratory mortality and morbidity, respectively. There were strong seasonal patterns of adverse effects with the seasonal variation of temperature and humidity. The growth rates of respiratory mortality and morbidity were highest in winter. And, they increased 1.4 and 1.8 times in winter, greater than in the full year as PM_2.5 increased 10 μg/m³.     

Effect of silicate supplementation on the alleviation of arsenite toxicity in 93-11 (Oryza sativa L. indica)

Chronic exposure to arsenic (As) in rice has raised many health and environmental problems. As reported, great variation exists among different rice genotypes in As uptake, translocation, and accumulation. Under hydroponic culture, we find that the Chinese wild rice (Oryza rufipogon; acc. 104624) takes up the most arsenic among tested genotypes. Of the cultivated rice, the indica cv. 93-11 has the lowest arsenic translocation factor value but accumulates the maximum concentration of arsenic followed by Nipponbare, Minghui 86, and Zhonghua 11. Higher level of arsenite concentration (50 μM) can induce extensive photosynthesis and root growth inhibition, and cause severe oxidative stress. Interestingly, external silicate (Si) supplementation has significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate, and promoted root elongation, as well as strongly ameliorated the oxidative stress by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase in roots and/or leaves of 93-11 seedlings. Notably, 1.873 mM concentration of Si considerably decreases the total As uptake and As content in roots, but significantly increases the As translocation from roots to shoots. In contrast, Si supplementation with 1.0 mM concentration significantly increases the total As uptake and As concentrations in roots and shoots of 93-11 seedlings after 50 μM arsenite treatment for 6 days.     

Occurrence and distribution of heavy metals and tetracyclines in agricultural soils after typical land use change in east China

Land use in east China tends to change from paddy rice to vegetables or other high-value cash crops, resulting in high input rates of organic manures and increased risk of contamination with both heavy metals (HMs) and antibiotics. This investigation was conducted to determine the accumulation, distribution and risks of HMs and tetracyclines (TCs) in surface soils and profiles receiving different amounts of farmyard manure. Soil samples collected from suburbs of Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province were introduced to represent three types of land use change from paddy rice to asparagus production, vineyards and field mustard cultivation, and divided into two portions, one of which was air-dried and sieved through 2-, 0.3- and 0.149-mm nylon mesh for determination of pH and heavy metals. The other portion was frozen at ?20 °C, freeze-dried and sieved through a 0.3-mm nylon mesh for tetracyline determination. HM and TC concentrations in surface soils of 14-year-old mustard fields were the highest with total Cu, Zn, Cd and ∑TCs of 50.5, 196, 1.03 mg?kg^?1 and 22.9 μg?kg^?1, respectively, on average. The total Cu sequence was field mustard?>?vineyards?>?asparagus when duration of land use change was considered; oxytetracycline (OTC) and doxycycline were dominant in soils used for asparagus production; OTC was dominant in vineyards and chlortetracycline (CTC) was dominant in mustard soils. There were positive pollution relationships among Cu, Zn and ∑TCs, especially between Cu and Zn or Cu and ∑TCs. Repeated and excessive application of manures from intensive farming systems may produce combined contamination with HMs and TCs which were found in the top 20 cm of the arable soil profiles and also extended to 20–40 cm depth. Increasing manure application rate and cultivation time led to continuing increases in residue concentrations and movement down the soil profile.